Year 9 Geography: Development Dynamics 1

Flashcards covering development indicators, demographic changes, global inequality, development theories (Rostow and Frank), and globalisation mechanics based on Year 9 Geography notes.

What are the common economic indicators used to measure development?

Examples include GDP per capita.

What are social indicators used to measure development?

Examples include literacy rate.

What is an example of a political indicator for development?

Corruption.

Which $4$ indicators are used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Life expectancy, literacy, average length of schooling, and GDP per capita.

Which demographic indicators can be used to measure development?

Birth rate, gender equality, and fertility rate.

How does GDP per capita change as a country develops?

GDP per capita increases.

Which rates decrease as a country undergoes development?

Birth rate, death rate, dependency ratios, fertility rates, and maternal mortality rates.

Which social metrics increase as a country develops?

Life expectancy, years of schooling, and literacy rates.

List the $8$ factors that have led to global inequality.

$1$. Climate, $2$. Topography (shape of land), $3$. Education, $4$. Health, $5$. Colonialism, $6$. Neo-colonialism, $7$. Economic, and $8$. Political.

Why is the lack of investment in education a consequence of global inequality?

Poorer countries cannot afford to invest in education, meaning people cannot get better paid, skilled jobs, which continues the cycle of poverty.

How does global inequality affect health in developing countries?

People are at higher risk for many diseases, leading to lower life expectancies and much higher infant mortality.

What are the political consequences of global inequality in poorer countries?

Increased political instability, crime, and discontent, which make civil wars more likely.

How does conflict interact with inequality?

Conflict can increase inequality because poverty increases as money is spent on fighting rather than development.

What is the first stage of Rostow's development theory?

Traditional society, which is characterized by a subsistence economy.

Which country is an example of a Traditional society ($1^{st}$ stage)?

Malawi.

What shift characterizes Rostow's $2^{nd}$ stage, 'Pre-conditions for take-off'?

A shift from farming to manufacturing.

Which country is an example of Rostow's $3^{rd}$ stage, 'Take-off'?

India.

What happens during Rostow's $4^{th}$ stage, 'Drive to maturity'?

Industries produce consumer goods.

What is the $5^{th}$ stage of Rostow's theory and where is wealth spent?

Age of high mass consumption; wealth is spent on the service sector such as healthcare.

Which country is an example of the 'Age of high mass consumption' ($5^{th}$ stage)?

UK.

According to the development theories, what is seen as the key to development?

The development of manufactured goods.

What are the two types of regions in Frank's dependency theory?

Core regions (developed nations) and Periphery regions (the 'others').

In Frank's dependency theory, what is the role of the periphery regions?

Producing raw materials to sell to the core.

What is the definition of globalisation?

The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.

What are three mechanisms through which globalisation happens?

Inter-dependence between countries, increasing trade volumes, and the spread of technology.

What is outsourcing often used for in the context of globalisation?

Mainly for cheap labour.

What does FDI stand for, and what kind of economy does it support?

Foreign Direct Investment; it supports a market economy.

What entities are responsible for most Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

Major Transnational Companies (TNCs).

What is the Clark-Fisher model used to explain?

Changes in employment structure as a country's economy develops.

What technologies have accelerated globalisation and reduced transport costs?

Shipping, containerisation, and aircraft technology.