Sociology Final

Sociological Sympathy

Skill of understanding others as they understand themselves. Essential tool to data collection.

Harriet Martineau

British sociologist who wrote the first book on sociology

W.E.B. Du Bois

coined the phrase quantitative data and wanted more sociologist to use it. Also wanted to help more black people. Invented statistics.

Emile Durkheim

Father of sociology. Wrote the second book on sociology after Harriet. Made society into an object of empirical inquiry, published book "Rules of Sociological Method" of how to study society scientifically. Social facts.

Social Facts

Products of human interaction that exist externally to an individual. Ex: social norms, roles, laws, religion/beliefs, customs.

In-Depth Interviews

Research method that involves an intimate convo between researcher and research subject. Usually semi structured and open ended.

Experimental Research in a Laboratory

Variables (Independent and Dependent), Casual Claims, Correlation claims, Laboratory Experiment, Control and experimental group,

Self-narrative

A story about yourself that is based on all your collective memories. (Often not the whole truth)

The Looking-Glass self (Cooley)-

The theory where we care about what others think of us. We see ourselves how others people see us. Other people are looking glasses/mirrors reflecting a vision from which we form our self conceptions

Self-awareness

Ability to focus on yourself and your actions, thoughts, emotions do or don't align with your internal standards

I/Me (Mead)

the "Me" is our own personal person. We want them to succeed and do great. The one we see in the mirror and go "That's Me".Gets us employment and graduated from high school. The "I" is the person feeling pride or embarrassment. They are the one we tell during a job interview "Don't mess this up!"

Social learning

Learning through the observation of other people

Principles of Ethical research

Respect, Beneficence, Justice

David MacLean

He lost all of his memories and had no idea who he was. He was in India and didn't even know how he got there. The only thing he remembered was what he learned in school and & Email Password. He had no memories of who his family and friends were. He lost his self-narrative. He had retrograde amnesia.(loss of the ability to recall anything before an injury or surgery)

Quantitative Research

is numerical data. For example, statistics, graphs, collecting data.

Qualitative Research

research is non numerical data. For example, in depth interviews, story telling, etc.

The theory of the mind

Recognizing that there are other minds and trying to imagine other mental states.

Self-concept-

More than self awareness, the simple knowledge of your existence. Understanding who you are.

Culture

A wide range word that sweeps into the definition most of the things about people varying place to place.

Social construction

We layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them. For example: gender, k-12 education, race

Social Network

All the people you are connected to in pods, and they link through other peoples ties

Culture as value

The values that are common and widely accepted in our cultural environment tend to become part of our point of views. Ex: This is wrong gut feeling

Socialization

When we become social competent in these varying environments. We learn belief, values, norms.

Culture as rationale

The values that are commonly justified as either feeling right or wrong.

Social network Analysis

Research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them.

Biosocial Research

Investigating relationships between sociological variables and biological ones . For Example, Hormone levels and brain functioning.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures and claiming yours is better than one

Cultural Relativism

knowing the differences between your cultures but not judging them.

Embodied Culture

Physically present and detectable in the body itself.

Binaries

Categories we see as opposites otherwise in opposition. Good & Evil, Friends & Enemies

Sequences

Ideas arranged in specific chronological order. Ex: Marry; buy a house, have kids

Signifiers

Things that stand for other things. Ex: Emojis, christian cross, diamond rings

Hierarchies

Ideas placed into ranked relationships. Ex: Mammals are higher than insects, better old than young

Associations

Ideas that have nothing in common except for that they are connected by a third variable. Ex: Rainbows & Flags (LGBTQIA+), Red & Green (christmas)

Categories

Subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same. Ex: Pets (subsets of animals), Blouses (subsets of shirts)

Dual Inheritance Theory

Notion that humans are product of the interactions of genetics and cultural evolution.

Cultured Capacities

Acquire culturally specific skills. Ex: learning to hunt and fish, knit and sew

cultural competence

Competent with the culture around you because you are used to it.

Intersectionality

Drawing attention to the fact that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities.Examples of how our intersecting identities influence our lived experiences- Affects black women because back then when trying to get a job they couldn't because they were both black and a woman.

Blood Quantum

Pushed people into the subcategory of white people

One Drop Rule

If you had one drop of black in you, you were automatically classified as black. Pushed people out of the white subcategory.

Kimberle Crenshaw

coined the term " Intersectionality". Black women experience and disadvantages.

Patricia Hill Collins

coined the term "controlling images". Wrote Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, consciousness, & the politics of empowerment. Emphasized perspective on African American women. Stereotypes.

doing identity

Active performance of social identity.

Social Identities

Culturally influenced social constructs. We have been placed

Status Elites

People who carry many positively regard social groups are more or less deserving of esteem

Status

High and low esteems

Prejudice

Biased against individuals based on their membership in a social group.

In Group Bias

Preferred treatment of members of our own groups are superior of other groups

Content analysis

A research method that involves counting and describing patterns of theme in media.

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Computational Sociology

Research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data.

Status Beliefs

Collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more or less deserving of esteem.

Folkways

Loosely enforced norms. Aimed at facilitating everyday social interactions.

Social Interactions

Moments we share with other people. How we are able to share an umbrella in the rain or buy a candy bar.

Symbolic Interactionism

The theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality.

Dramaturgy

The practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages. To perform we use the roles, props, costumes, and sets available to us. Our backstage and frontstage self.

Marked Identity

Woman is usually but not always a marked identity. Women are rarely just people, they're special since they are female. Their gender is usually difficult or impossible to carry lightly.

Unmarked Identity

man is usually but not always unmarked identity. They carry their gender lightly.

Breaching

Purposefully breaking a social rule I order to test how others respond. EX: Breaking the rules of tic-tac-toe is a breach.

Ethnomethodology

Research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions.

Social Rules

Culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior

Herbert Blumer

NFL player and scholar. Developed the theory symbolic interactionism. Large man interested in the tiniest details of the smallest interactions. Meanings don't exist until we have an interpretation of the interaction.

field experiment

a type of experiment that involves tests of hypothesis outside of the laboratory. Occur in natural, real-world settings.

Social Deviance

The violation of norms (including mores, folkways, and taboos)

Survivors of Flight 571

A plane had crashed. there were 16 survivors who spent 72 days in that snowy valley. Developed new social rules like becoming cannibals. They had to do what they had to survive.

Strain Theory

The idea is that deviance is caused by tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them.

Differential Association Theory

The idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks. According to Sutherland's theory, people are more likely to engage in deviance if they're recruited into a deviant act by someone in their social network.

Social Disorganization Theory

The idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods.

Discrimination Role Identity Match

For example: correspondence between black men and criminal. Correspondence between Asian Americans and covid 19.

Innovation

Involves accepting the valued goals but doing something deviant to attain them

Retreatism

Rejecting of valued goals and decision to opt out of trying to attain them

Rebellion

Working to change societies by replacing the existing social goals with different ones.

Conformity

Widely valued goals are pursued in socially sanctioned ways (earnestly)

Ritualism

Same as conformity but more cynically

Structural Functionalism

The theory that society is a system of necessary synchronized parts that work together to create social stability.

Neutralization Theory

the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking.

denial of responsibility

is a claim that rule breaking is outside of a rule breaker's control ("It's not my fault"),

Denial of Injury

is a claim that the rule breaking is allowed because no one is harmed ("no one got hurt"),

Denial of Victim

is a claim that any harm that comes is deserved ("They were asking for it"),

Condemnation of the condemners

is a rejection of a critic's moral authority to judge the rule breaker ("you're just as bad as me")

appeal to higher loyalties

is the claim that rule breaking is justified in pursuit of a greater good ("I did it for my family")

Anomie

Widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules.

Emile Durkheim four Suicide types

First observation was that deviance was an important source of change. Argued that certain amount of bad behavior could be good. Durkheim says deviance gives people an occasion to join together, condemn rules and hold up the social rule.

Egoistic Suicide

Social institutions fail to ensure social cohesion and people are left from their social group (very low integration predicts suicide)

altruistic suicide

People are socialized to identify with the group instead of the self and may choose to sacrifice themselves for it. (Very high integration)

fatalistic suicide

A person's opportunities are blocked by rigid and oppressive institutions, leading them to think that death is the only way out.

anomic suicide

Institutions fail, resulting in a normlessness that make a person feel life is meaningless

Conflict Theory

The idea that societies are not characterized by shared interests but competing ones. According to conflict theorist, societies are defined by fights over control of valuable resources like wealth, power, and prestige.

stigmatization

A process by which physical traits or social conditions become widely devalued. EX: Body fat

Medicalization

Involves collectively defining physical traits or social conditions as illness. EX: social anxiety disorder is an example of the medicalization of shyness.

Criminalization

Involves collectively defining a trait or condition as criminal EX: Drinking alcohol in 1920

collective consciousness

Society's shared understanding of right and wrong.

Race on Job Applications

If you are racially white then you were more likely to get a callback, even with a criminal record over a person of color.

Sources of truth

When we were foragers, we were guided by what was understood to be divine will (obeying gods, spirits, or the souls of their ancestors). This was in the premodern thought. Modern thinkers then replaced that faith with science and progress. They believe science as the whole truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life.

Premodern thought

A belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices

Modern Thought

Involves a belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life.

Postmodern Thought

Rejects absolute truth (Whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and it denounces the narrative of progress.

social institutions

A widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need. Social institutions are two things: an idea (the category of need) and a related set of formal and informal practices (these are the patterns of interaction) EX: Formal (requirement that all children be schooled through at least eight grade) Informal (back to school shopping)

Max Webers views on social institutions

(introduced the term rationalization) Talks about the legitimation process. The ways we take for granted certain facts. Work ethic...

Bureaucracy

Organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations