CSCS SG

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128 Terms

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What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebrae, ribs
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What makes up a muscle?
Muscle → Fascicle → Muscle Fiber → Myofibril → Sarcomere → Actin/ Myosin
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Thin layer of connective tissue surrounding different layers of muscle
Fascia
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What are the layers of fascia? (outer to inner)

1. Epimysium- surrounds entire muscle
2. Perimysium- surrounds one bundle of muscle fibers
3. Endomysium- surrounds one muscle fiber
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A bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle
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Motor unit
One nerve + muscle fibers it innervates
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3 characteristics of sarcomeres
* Contractile unit of muscle
* Smallest unit of muscle
* Made of actin and myosin
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A band
The length of myosin

NEVER CHANGES LENGTH
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I band
Actin but no myosin
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H zone
Myosin but no actin

(think H&M)
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What shortens when a muscle contracts?
I band and H zone
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What happens to z line during muscle activity?
Relax=Get farther apart

Contract=Get closer together
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Sliding filament theory: How is a muscle shortened?
Myosin pulls on the actin
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Action potential is sent down the nerve to the _______. This causes?
Neuromuscular junction, Release of Ach
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Activating a muscle fiber

1. Create Action Potential
2. Action potential reaches NMJ via nerve
3. AcH crosses NMJ, excites sarcolemma
4. Signal goes down T tubules → release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Troponin binds to tropomyosin
6. Tropomyosin moves to open up binding site
7. Myosin binds to actin forming cross bridge
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Types of type 2 muscle fibers
2a= mixed

2x= Glycolytic (1-5 RM)
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Muscle spindles sense a ______ causing a?
Stretch, Contraction
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Golgi tendon organs sense a______ causing a?
Contraction, Stretch
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Blood flow through the heart
Vena Cava → RA → Tricuspid → RV → Pulmonary A. → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → LA → Mitral → LV → Aorta
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Blood flow to the muscles
Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins
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Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
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Where the impulse is delayed
AV node
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AV bundle sends signals to the ventricles
AV bundle
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Further divides the signal to the ventricles
Purkinje Fibers
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P wave
Atria depolarize
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QRS complex
Ventricles Depolarize and Atria Repolarize
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T wave
Ventricle Repolarization
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Levels of gas exchange
Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
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Work=
Force x Displacement
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Power=
Work/Time
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More pennation=
More force but less velocity
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Pennation angle (can/cannot) increase with training
Can
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During concentric isokinetic exercise, concentric force production ______ as joint angular velocity increases
Decreases
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During eccentric isokinetic exercise, concentric force production _________ as joint angular velocity increases
Increases
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Overspeed benefit? (decrease bodyweight)
Enables athlete to train at a higher speed

**Trains the neuromuscular system**
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Underspeed benefit? (increase bodyweight)
Develops greater forces during acceleration
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How to increase friction?
Higher load, rougher surface

(Takes more force to initiate movement than to maintain)
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Best way to condition for friction?
Concentric only muscle forces
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Elasticity not optimal for?
Vertical jump training
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Patella function?
Increase the moment arm of the Quads
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Energy System: Less than 10 sec
PCr Cycle
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Energy System: 30 sec-2 min
Anaerobic Glcolysis
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Energy System: 2 min- Several Hours
Aerobic Glycolysis
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Energy System: Very Long duration
Fat
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Phosphagen System used for?
* 90-100% of max power
* Less than 10 sec of work
* Lots of rest between sets
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Anaerobic Glycolysis:

Where does it occur?

What happens?
Cytoplasm, Glucose to Lactate
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Gluconeogenesis
Creating new glucose
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ATP hydrolysis produces?
Hydrogen ions
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What fibers are likely to result in lactate production?
Type II
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Lactate is oxidized by
Type 1 fibers, heart
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Typical lactate threshold?
50-60% in untrained individuals

70-80% in trained
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What do catecholamines do?
Increase blood glucose
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Training near LT or OBLA allow you to?
Work at higher intensity with less fatigue
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Lactate threshold correlates with?
Ventilatory threshold
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Oxygen uptake is directly proportional with?
HRR
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Aerobic Glycolysis
Glucose → Pyruvate (gives you ATP)
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Where does the kreb cycle occur? What does it require?
Mitochondria, oxygen (generates 2 ATP)
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What generates the most ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation, 32 ATP
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Increased performance following a period of training stance
Supercompensation
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Steps to Building Muscle

1. Disruption/Damage Fibers
2. Inflammatory Response
3. Degradation of damaged proteins
4. Hormonal and other signals interactions
5. Synthesis of new proteins
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Testosterone has a (greater, worse) response than growth hormone
Greater
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Hormone for short rest periods 30-60 sec
Testosterone
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Hormone for 1-3 min rest
GH
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Types of diabetes
1= insulin is not produced

2= insulin resistance
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Catecholamines=
Vasodilation
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Training effect on lactate clearance, lactate threshold, aerobic power output, lactate steady state
All improved
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Phosphagen System Work Rest Ratio
1:12-1:20
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Fast Glycolysis Work to Rest Ratio
1:3-1:5
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Oxidative Work to Rest Ratio
1:1-1:3
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Hypertrophy does not?
Increase number of muscle cells
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What decreases as a result of anaerobic training?
Mitochondrial density, Capillary Density
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Bones take _____ to adapt
\+6 months
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_______ deposit collagen in response to a strain
Osteoblasts
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Type 1 collagen
bone, tendon, ligaments
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Type 2 collagen
cartilage (lacks blood flow, poor healing)
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Increases left ventricle size
Endurance training
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Increased left ventricle wall thickness
Anaerobic/Resistance Training
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Overtraining syndrome 3 characteristics
* Burnout
* Inc in sympathetic tone (increase HR at rest)
* Then parasympathetic suppression of symptoms
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Strength usually maintained up to _________
4 weeks with little or no training
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What happens to fibers with detraining?
More type 1s, less type 2s
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Max HR _____ with training
Stays the same
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Max stroke volume _____ with training
Increases
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What causes stroke volume to increase?
* Increased EDV
* Increased Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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Aerobic training _____ venous return
Increases
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Frank Starling Mechanism
Increased Venous Return → greater stretch → More forceful contraction
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Fraction of end diastolic volume ejected from the heart
Ejection Fraction
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Aerobic training Chain
Increases SV → increases CO → Increases amount of blood pumped per minute
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HR is directly proportional to?
VO2 max
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Karvonen Method
Resting HR (Training % x HRR)
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MET=
Resting oxygen uptake
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1 met=
3\.5 ml/kg/min
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VO2 Max=
CO x avO2
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Absolute maximal consumption
VO2 max x weight
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Adaptations to altitude
Acute (0-14 days)- RR increases, SV and CO increases

Chronic- overall increased oxygen delivery to muscles
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Average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
MAP
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MAP formula
(SBP-DBP/3) + DBP
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Uses to describe the amount of oxygen consumption or work the heart has to do
RPP
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Mitochondrial density response to exercise
Increased with aerobic training, decreased with resistance
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4 other adaptations to aerobic exercise
* Enzyme upregulation
* Burn a higher rate of body fat and a given submaximal HR
* Running economy
* Decreased blood lactate
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What does not adapt to aerobic training?
* Respiratory capacity
* Muscle hypertrophy
* Max heart