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what is energy
systems ability to do work and the capacity to cause change
what are the 2 major states of energy
kinetic and potential
what is kinetic energy
acitive energy and energy used during work
what is potential energy
stored energy that may perform work
what are the six forms of energy
radiant, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound , mechanical
what is radiant energy
visible light, x rays, gamma rays etc. Solar energy
what is thermal energy
Energy from movement of atoms and molecules in a
substance. more movement means more heat
what is chemical energy
Energy storage in chemical bonds (potential energy)
§ Reactions (kinetic)
what is electrical energy
Delivered by electrons
§ E.g. Movement of the electron through a wire (kinetic)
what is sound
Longitudinal waves
§ Produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate
what are the two mechanical energies
object position (potential), tension, compressed springs Mechanical energy (kinetic) movement like wind
what law does an organisms transform matter and energy and metabolism
laws of thermodynamics
what is the first law of thermodynamics
the energy of the universe is constant: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
what is the second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
3 rules for living organisms
Need energy for metabolic reactions. Canʼt create energy. Must obtain energy from the environment (photosynthesis or feeding).
what are the three features cells possess
A ability to store and transmit information, plasma membrane, ability to harness energy from the environment.
what is metabolism
totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
what is a metabolic pathway
begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
what 2 groups can the metabolic pathway be divided into
Anabolic and Catabolic
what is a catabolic pathway
release energy by breaking down molecules into simpler compounds, producing energy and building blocks for the synthesis of new molecules. usually hydrolysis reactions
what is a anabolic pathway
consume energy to build complex molecules from
simpler ones to create energy storage or structural molecules (proteins). usually dehydration synthesis reactions
what are three examples of work cells do
proetein synthesis, movement of cell, reproduction of cell
how is potential energy determined in a cell
position of shared electrons in covalent bonds
how is the amount of potential energy determined in a cell
how far away the electron is from the nucleus, farther away=more potential energy
what happens when old bonds are broken
energy is required
what happens when new bonds are formed
energy is released
what is free energy
determine whether or not reactions occur spontaneously. is energy that can do work when temp and pressure are uniform
what is delta G
change in free energy
which processes were spontaneous
negative delta G were spontaneous
what happens during spontaneous change
free energy decrease and stability of system increase
what would happen to a cell if EQ was reached
cell dies no free energy
what is an exergonic reaction
net release of free energy and is spontaneous
what is an endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from surroundings and is not spontaneous
are anabolic reaction ender or exergonic
endergonic
are catabolic reactions ender or exergonic
exergonic
what is energy recoupling
free energy released from one reaction is used to drive another
what are two ways cells typically perform energy recoupling
transferring phosphate groups or transferring electrons
what do anabolic reactions require
require energy from catabolic energy to synthesize more complex organic molecules
where is the available energy in ATP held in
bonds connected by phosphate groups
at physiological ph how do the phosphate groups behave
negativly charged and repel each other
what type of reaction with ATP and water is what does it form
exergonic release energy ( -delta G and spontaneous), forms ADP and P1 meaning more entropy and delta s positive
how does the the substrate change shape
Energy released during ATP hydrolysis is transferred to a substrate by
phosphorylation.
what is a redox reaction
transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
what happenes in oxidization
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized.
what happens in reduction
reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced).
what is the electron donor
reducing agent
what is the electron acceptor
oxidizing agent
what are the two electron carriers acting as oxidizing agents in cellular respiration
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ )
how does temp affect reaction rate
low temp slower reaction, higher temp faster reaction
how does concentration affect reaction rate
higher concentration fast reaction, lower concentration slower reaction
what is needed for reactions to take place
some or all the chemical bonds in the reactants must be broken so that new
bonds, those of the products, can form.
what is the transition state
molecule must be contorted (deformed or bent) into an unstable state. high energy
what does a low activation energy equal to
faster reaction
what are enzymes able to do
reduce the activation energy by stabilizing the
transition state.
what are enzyme made of
.protein catalyst
what are enzymes specific to to
to a particular chemical reaction.
how do substrates bind to enzymes active site
Substrates bind via hydrogen bonding or other interactions with amino
acid residues in the active site.
what is induced fir
enzymes undergo a conformational change when the
substrates are bound to the active site
how does the speed of an enzyme catalyzed reaction go
increases linearly
what is an ezymes function dependant on
Temperature
o pH
o Interactions with other molecules
o Modifications of its primary structure
what is the effect of temp on enzymes
temp rises, reacting molecules have more kinetic energy,
increasing chances of a collision between enzyme and substrate molecules, increases in reaction rate
effect of ph of enzyme activity
Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it can function
what is a apoenzyme
protein in enzyme
what is a competitive inhibitor
bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
what is a non competitive inhibitor
bind to another part of an enzyme (allosteric site), causing the
enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective or completely inactive
what is feedback inhibition
occurs when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the final product of that pathway
