APUSH unit 11 test Review

Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A military alliance between North American and European countries aimed at countering Soviet expansion.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, formed in response to NATO.

Occupation Zones/Division of Germany

After WWII, Germany was divided into four occupation zones (controlled by the U.S., U.K., France, and the Soviet Union). Berlin, located in East Germany, was also divided.c

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

The Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in 1948, and the U.S. responded by airlifting supplies to the city.

Berlin Wall

Erected in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin; symbolized the division between East and West during the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to contain communism by providing political, military, and economic assistance to countries resisting Soviet influence.

Soviet Expansion

The spread of communist ideology and Soviet influence, particularly in Eastern Europe.

Eisenhower Doctrine

U.S. policy to provide military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communism.

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid program to help rebuild Western European economies post-WWII to prevent the spread of communism.

Containment

U.S. strategy to prevent the spread of communism.

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall.

Korean Conflict

A conflict between communist North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the U.S.). Ended in an armistice, with the 38th parallel as the dividing line.

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

Investigated alleged communist activities in the U.S.

Alger Hiss/Rosenbergs

The conviction of Alger Hiss for espionage and the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for passing atomic secrets to the Soviets.

End of McCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist hearings ended after the Army-McCarthy hearings, where McCarthy’s tactics were discredited.

CIA Covert Operations

U.S. covert actions in Iran, Guatemala, and Cuba to prevent the spread of communism.

Iran (1953)

CIA-led coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install a pro-Western regime.

Guatemala (1954)

CIA-led coup to overthrow the Guatemalan government.

Cuba

The Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro, followed by the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Fair Deal

President Truman’s domestic program that sought to expand New Deal reforms.

Taft-Hartley Act

A law restricting the power of labor unions.

New Frontier

JFK’s program focused on social reform, space exploration, and anti-poverty measures

Prosperity in the Sunbelt

Growth of the southern and western U.S. due to favorable climate, defense spending, and lower taxes.

Baby Boom

The increase in birth rates after WWII.

Interstate Highway System

A national network of highways to improve transportation.

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower’s warning about the influence of defense contractors on government policy.

Television in Politics/Society

The rise of television as a political tool (e.g., Kennedy-Nixon debates).

JFK’s Presidential Campaign:

Focused on youth, new ideas, and optimism.

Music in 1950s Society

The emergence of rock 'n' roll, which shaped cultural and social life.

Beatnik/Beat Generation

A literary movement critical of mainstream American values.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American countries to stabilize them if necessary.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news coverage aimed at influencing public opinion, especially in the Spanish-American War.

Andrew Carnegie

Dominated the steel industry through vertical integration.

John D. Rockefeller

Controlled the oil industry through horizontal integration.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built wealth in the railroad industry.

J. Pierpont Morgan

Dominated the banking industry and helped organize major corporations.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues (e.g., Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell)

16th Amendment

Authorizes income tax.

17th Amendment

Direct election of U.S. Senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment

Women’s right to vote.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in the early 20th century.

Prohibition/Bootlegging

The illegal production and distribution of alcohol during the 1920s.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Limited immigration based on national origin.

Causes of the Great Depression

Stock market crash, overproduction, bank failures, and other economic factors.

Double V Campaign

African Americans’ effort to gain victory over both fascism abroad and racism at home.

Role of Women During WWII

Women entered the workforce in large numbers to support the war effort, symbolized by "Rosie the Riveter."