Biology Unit 1 for CAPE®

This is a set of flashcards in the Fill in the Blank style, designed to assist in review of lecture notes.

Biochemistry is __

The study of biological molecules and their roles in organisms.

Anabolism: __

reactions that build up larger biological molecules from smaller ones.

Catabolism: __

reactions that break down large biological molecules into smaller ones.

Chemical Element: __

a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom.

Atom: __

smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.

Isotope: __

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

Compound: __

a substance made from two or more chemical elements.

Molecule: __

the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance.

Ion: __

atom or molecule/chemical group that has lost or gained one or more electrons and is either positively or negatively charged.

Ionic Bond: __

chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges.

Covalent Bond: __

chemical bond involving the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.

Monomers: __

small molecules.

Polymers: __

larger molecules.

Water forms __ of the bodies of animals.

Approximately 70%.

Because the oxygen atom has a greater attraction for the electrons in the covalent bond with hydrogen, this makes the oxygen __.

slightly electronegative and the hydrogen slightly electropositive so that a water molecule is dipolar

Define the terms: __

solvent; solute; soluble; insoluble; dipolar; cohesion.

Carbohydrates are __

organic compounds that contain elements C, H, and O.

Simple sugars are __

monosaccharides.

The a (alpha) form of glucose has __.

–OH below the ring.

The β (beta) form of glucose has __.

–OH above the ring.

Plant cells make sucrose from __.

glucose and fructose.

The bond that forms when monosaccharides are joined together is known as __

a glycosidic bond.

The type of reaction when a glycosidic bond forms is __

a condensation reaction.

The glycosidic bond is a type of __

a covalent bond.

Sucrose is formed by plants for __

transport in the phloem.

The type of reaction in which water is added to break a glycosidic bond is __

a hydrolysis reaction.

__ are used as monomers to make polymers known as polysaccharides.

Glucose and other monosaccharides.

Glycosidic bonds that form between C1 at the end of the growing chain and C4 of the glucose monomer that is being added are known as __

1,4 glycosidic bonds.

The type of glycosidic bond that forms to make branching points is __

1,6 glycosidic bond.

The two groups of lipids described here are __

triglycerides and phospholipids.

The carboxylic acid group of fatty acids reacts with the –OH groups of glycerol to form __

ester bonds.

Each triglyceride molecule consists of __

glycerol and three fatty acids.

A phospholipid is composed of glycerol, __

O, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-containing part.

Dene the following terms: __

fatty acid; glycerol; ester bond; saturated fatty acid; unsaturated fatty acid; hydrophilic; hydrophobic; monolayer; bilayer; obesity.

Proteins are __

macromolecules made from one or more polypeptides.

All amino acids have a __

central carbon atom, an amine group, and a carboxylic acid group.

In the generalized amino acid, the fourth attached group is known as __

R for residual.

The reagent for the protein test is __

biuret solution.

A positive result with iodine solution changes the colour __

yellow-orange to blue-black or blue.

The reagent for the reducing sugar test is __

Benedict’s solution.

A colour change when boiling with Benedict’s solution for reducing sugars is __

blue to green/yellow/ orange/red with a precipitate.

To test for non-reducing sugars, you add __

hydrochloric acid.

The reagent for the starch test is __

the iodine in potassium iodide solution.

The reagent for the protein test is __

biuret solution.

A semi-quantitative test for reducing sugar is __

Semi-quantitative Benedict’s test.

A quantitative test for starch can be measured with __

a colorimeter.

Enzymes are biological __

catalysts.

Substrates are __ that are to be changed during a reaction.

the substances.

The specificity of an enzyme is determined by the shape of its active site, which must be __ to the shape of the substrate.

complementary.

An active site is __

a ‘pocket’ in an enzyme molecule.

Activation energy is __

the energy that must be overcome before a reaction can proceed.