Asexual and Sexual Reproduction, Mitosis, Binary Fission, and Meiosis Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering asexual vs. sexual reproduction, internal vs. external fertilization, binary fission, cell cycle phases of mitosis, and meiosis.

Asexual Reproduction

A form of reproduction requiring only one parent that produces exact clones with $100\%$ of the same chromosomes, preserving genetic continuity without variation.

Sexual Reproduction

A form of reproduction requiring two parents that each give $\frac{1}{2}$ of the genetic information to the offspring, resulting in high genetic variation.

Internal Fertilization

A mode of sexual reproduction where the egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female, occurring in mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, and spiders.

External Fertilization

A mode of sexual reproduction where the egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female, as seen in fish and some amphibians.

Binary Fission

Prokaryotic asexual reproduction where a bacterial cell grows to twice its typical size and divides into two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis

Eukaryotic cell division consisting of $1$ division that creates $2$ identical diploid body or somatic cells for growth, replacement, and eukaryotic asexual reproduction.

Interphase

The cell cycle phase where the cell replicates DNA and grows, making up $90\%$ of mitosis.

Prophase

The stage of cell division during which DNA coils into chromosomes.

Metaphase

The stage of cell division where spindles attach to chromosomes from centrioles.

Anaphase

The stage of cell division where chromosomes are pulled apart.

Telophase

The stage of cell division where chromosomes return to chromatin.

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle where the cell splits and the nuclear envelope reforms completely.

Meiosis

A type of eukaryotic cell division involving $2$ divisions that produces unique haploid gamete cells with one set of $23$ chromosomes.

Diploid Cells

Body cells, also known as somatic cells, made during mitosis that contain $2$ sets of parent chromosomes.

Haploid Cells

Sex cells, also known as gametes, made in meiosis that contain $1$ set of unpaired chromosomes.