L6-Electron configuration

What defines where an electron can be found and its energy?

Wavefunction

What are the four quantum numbers that characterize each electron's wavefunction?

n, l, ml, and ms (this is the address of an electron in an atom)

What is the term for the distribution of electrons among various orbitals?

Electron configuration

What is a shell in the context of electron configuration?

Electrons with the same value of n

What is a subshell in electron configuration?

Electrons with the same values of n and l

What is an orbital in the context of electron configuration?

Electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml

What principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers?

Pauli Exclusion Principle

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?

Two electrons with opposite spins

In a single-electron atom, what does the energy of orbitals depend on?

The principal quantum number n

In multi-electron atoms, what do the energy levels of orbitals depend on?

Both n and l

What is the Aufbau Principle?

Electrons fill the lowest-energy orbitals before moving to higher energy orbitals

What is the Diagonal Rule (Madelung's Rule) for filling energy levels?

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s

What does Hund's Rule state about electron arrangement in subshells?

The most stable arrangement has the greatest number of parallel spins

What is the ground-state electron configuration?

The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus that gives the lowest total energy

What are excited states in terms of electron configuration?

Higher energy states than the ground state

What is the difference between paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials?

Paramagnetic materials have unpaired electrons, while diamagnetic materials have all paired electrons

What is represented by arrows in an orbital diagram?

Electrons, where the direction indicates the spin

What does a paired-up arrow in an orbital diagram indicate?

A full orbital with two electrons

What is the significance of measuring magnetic properties in relation to electron configuration?

It provides direct evidence of specific electron configurations of the elements