Unit 8 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress, & Sleep

Motivation

The need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct Theory

Motivation driven by inborn automated behaviors.

Instinct

A complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species that is unlearned.

Drive Reduction Theory

Behavior motivated by biological needs to maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a steady internal state.

Biological Needs

Basic requirements necessary for survival.

Incentive Theory

The idea that behavior is motivated by positive or negative stimuli.

Extrinsic Motivators

Rewards or consequences that come from outside ourselves.

Intrinsic Motivators

Internal rewards, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.

Overjustification Effect

When offering a reward reduces intrinsic motivation.

Achievement Motivation

Desire to accomplish goals and avoid failure.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's capabilities to exercise control over events in their lives.

Arousal Theory

Motivation to seek an optimum level of arousal, varying for different individuals.

Sensation-Seeking Theory

The tendency to seek out new and intense experiences, often risky.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Increased arousal can help performance up to a certain point before it hinders performance.

Approach-Approach Conflict

Conflict arising when an individual faces two equally attractive options.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict where a person must choose between two negative outcomes.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict where a person is attracted to and repelled by the same goal.

Biological Basis of Hunger

Hunger is signaled not only by stomach pangs but also by the brain.

Hypothalamus

Brain part that regulates hunger and signals the need to eat.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Stimulating this area makes you feel hungry.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Stimulating this area makes you feel full.

Ghrelin

Hunger hormone secreted by the empty stomach.

Leptin

Protein from fat cells that suppresses appetite and regulates energy.

Adrenaline

Hormone that prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response.

Melatonin

Hormone that regulates the circadian rhythm.

Oxytocin

The 'love hormone' involved in social bonding and childbirth.

Set Point Theory

The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat to maintain stable weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Need to Belong

The intrinsic drive to connect and form relationships with others.

Social Acceptance

Belonging increases self-esteem, while social segregation decreases it.

Ostracism

Social exclusion that leads to negative psychological effects.

Fortifying Health

Having close friends is linked to greater happiness and health.

Incentive

Positive and negative stimuli that lure or repel

Self-determination Theory

What motivates us to work?

Emotion

A mix of arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts and feelings.

Spillover Effect

The phenomenon where people who are physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than those who are unaroused.

Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system responsible for physiological arousal and calming responses.

Sympathetic Division

The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, increasing physiological activity.

Parasympathetic Division

The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and decreases physiological activity.

Physiological Arousal

The state of being physiologically excited, often triggered by different emotional experiences.

Culturally Universal Expressions

there are some culturally universal emotions; happiness, shock, anger, disgust, sadness

Display Rules

Informal social norms that dictate how to express emotions within a given culture.

Broaden and Build Theory of Emotion

The theory that positive emotions broaden one's awareness and encourage exploration.

Amygdala

A region of the brain that associates emotions, particularly fear, with certain stimuli.

Positive Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on positive aspects of human experience and well-being.

Detecting Emotion

The challenge of identifying genuine emotions, especially when they are being concealed.

Fear Learning

The process by which some fears are more easily acquired than others.

Expressing Emotions

The act of conveying emotions, which can vary widely across different cultures.

Emotional Intensity

The degree of emotional response experienced in relation to a particular stimulus.

facial feedback

facial muscles trigger with corresponding emotions

Fear

we learn fear through observing/ conditioning

Anger

causes: friends + family, odor, high temperature traffic, pain

Happiness

cross cultural emotion
facial expression = smiling

Health Psychology

Field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine, studying stress-related aspects of disease.

Stressors

Events that are perceived as threatening or challenging that trigger stress responses.

Eustress

Normal stress that motivates and energizes us.

Distress

Stress that can be debilitating and harmful.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Model describing the body’s response to stress in three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

Alarm Stage

Initial response to a stressor where the sympathetic nervous system is activated.

Resistance Stage

The stage where the body is fully engaged to meet the challenge posed by the stressor.

Exhaustion Stage

Final stage where the body's reserves run out, leading to physical deterioration.

Psychophysiological Illness

Stress-related illnesses such as hypertension and certain headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system.

Type A Personality

Characterized by time pressure, competitiveness, and a higher risk for heart disease.

Type B Personality

More relaxed and tolerant personality type, lower in anxiety and more creative.

Coping

Methods used to alleviate stress through emotional, cognitive, or behavioral strategies.

Problem-Focused Coping

Strategy aimed at directly addressing and changing the stressor.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Strategy focused on avoiding or ignoring the stressor and addressing emotional needs.

Perceived Control

Belief in one's ability to control outcomes, particularly in stressful situations.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one can control their own fate through actions.

External Locus of Control

The belief that outside forces shape one's fate beyond their control.

Learned Helplessness

Condition resulting from the belief that one has no control over stressors.

Positive Psychology

The study of factors that contribute to well-being and improve quality of life.

Subjective Well-Being

Individual self-perceived happiness and life satisfaction.

Virtues

Six key qualities needed for character strengths to flourish: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence.

Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)

Positive psychological changes occurring after experiencing trauma.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

The tendency for individuals to help others when they feel happy.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Tendency to adjust to stimuli, such as income levels, influencing satisfaction.

Relative Deprivation

Perception of being worse off when compared to others.

Optimism

Tendency to expect positive outcomes and view bad events as temporary.

Grit

Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

Emotional Experience

Influenced by factors like adaptation levels and relative comparisons.

Stress Management

Strategies employed to control stress and its effects on health.

Behavioral Medicine

A field applying psychological principles to physical health.

Coronary Heart Diseases

Stress that leads to high blood pressure clogs the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

Consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Sleep

A state of consciousness where we are less aware of our surroundings.

Circadian Rhythm

Our body’s synchronizing to a 24-hour biological clock.

Adenosine

A biological substance that influences the amount of sleep we need.

Pineal Gland

A gland that releases melatonin in response to darkness.

Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep.

REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, where dreams usually occur.

NREM 1

The initial stage of sleep, lasting a few minutes, producing theta waves.

NREM 2

A stage of sleep with sleep spindles and theta waves, lasting about 20 minutes.

NREM 3

Slow wave sleep characterized by delta waves, vital for restoring health.

Sleep Cycle

The repeating cycle of sleep stages occurring approximately every 90 minutes.

Sleep Paralysis

An inability to move or speak, often accompanied by hallucinations.

Insomnia

Persistent problems falling asleep affecting 10% of the population.

Narcolepsy

A condition characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, entering directly into REM.