3A cell structure and organisation

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42 Terms

1

cell theory

all living organisms are made of cells, sharing

  • Cell surface membrane

  • Cytoplasm

  • DNA

  • Ribosomes

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2

organelle

a component in a cell that carries out a specific task

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3

cells

basic functional and structural units in a living organism

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4

tissues

group of similar cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function

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5

organ

made from a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function

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6

organ system

made from a group of organs w related functions, working together to perform body functions within organism

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7

Eukaryotic cells diameter

10-100 μm

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8

Prokaryotic cells diameter

0.1-5 μm

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9

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

  • Eukaryotic cells have a more complex ultrastructure

  • Eukaryotic cells are larger

  • eukaryotic cells is divided up into membrane-bound compartments

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10

Animal and plant cells are both types of eukaryotic cells that share key structures such as

  • Membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus

  • Larger ribosomes known as 80S ribosomes

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11

Key differences between animal and plant cells include

  • Animal cells have centrioles and some have microvilli

  • Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts

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12

labelled animal cell

knowt flashcard image
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13

labelled plant cell

knowt flashcard image
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14

nucleus

  • relatively large

  • separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

  • contains nuclear pores - important channels for allowing mRNA/ribosomes/enzymes to travel out of the nucleus

  • chromatin - the material from which chromosomes are made (Chromosomes are made of sections of linear DNA)

  • nucleolus - makes ribosomes

<ul><li><p><span>relatively </span><strong>large</strong></p></li><li><p><span> separated from the cytoplasm by a </span><strong>double membrane </strong><span>called the&nbsp;</span><strong>nuclear envelope</strong></p></li><li><p>contains <strong>nuclear pores </strong>- <span>important channels for allowing mRNA/ribosomes/enzymes to travel out of the nucleus</span></p></li><li><p><strong>chromatin - </strong><span>the material from which chromosomes are made (Chromosomes are made of sections of&nbsp;</span><strong>linear DNA</strong><span>)</span></p></li><li><p><mark data-color="yellow">nucleolus</mark> - makes ribosomes</p></li></ul>
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15

ribosomes

  • They aren’t surrounded by a membrane

  • It’s made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

  • 80s ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

  • 70s ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

  • the site of translation

<ul><li><p>They aren’t surrounded by a membrane</p></li><li><p>It’s made up of <strong>ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)">&nbsp;</span>and <strong>proteins</strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">80s ribosomes</span></strong> are found in eukaryotic cells</p></li><li><p><strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">70s ribosomes</span></strong> are found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts</p></li><li><p>the site of <strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">translation</span></strong></p></li></ul>
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16

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

  • RER is formed from folds of membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope

  • surface is covered in ribosomes

  • to process proteins made on the ribosomes

<ul><li><p>RER is formed from folds of membrane continuous with the<span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)">&nbsp;</span><strong>nuclear envelope</strong></p></li><li><p>surface is covered in&nbsp;<strong>ribosomes</strong></p></li><li><p>to <strong>process protein</strong>s made on the<strong>&nbsp;</strong>ribosomes</p></li></ul>
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17

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

  • also formed from folds of membrane

  • involved in the production, processing and storage of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids

  • doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface 

<ul><li><p><span>also formed from folds of membrane</span></p></li><li><p><span>involved in the production, processing and storage of </span><strong>lipids, carbohydrates&nbsp;</strong><span>and&nbsp;</span><strong>steroids</strong></p></li><li><p><span>doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul>
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18

Mitochondria

  • The site of aerobic respiration within eukaryotic cells - visible with a light microscope

  • surrounded by a double-membrane with the inner membrane folded to form structures called cristae

  • matrix contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration producing ATP - also contain DNA and ribosomes

<ul><li><p>The site of <strong>aerobic</strong> <strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">respiration</span></strong> within eukaryotic cells - visible with a light microscope</p></li><li><p><span>surrounded by a </span><strong>double-membrane</strong><span> with the inner membrane folded to form structures called&nbsp;</span><strong>cristae</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>matrix </strong>contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration producing ATP - also contain DNA and <span>ribosomes</span></p></li></ul>
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19

Centrioles

  • made of hollow fibres - microtubules

  • used to move substances around inside a cell and to support the shape of a cell

  • arranged at right angles

  • involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

<ul><li><p><span>made of hollow fibres -&nbsp;</span><strong>microtubules</strong></p></li><li><p><span>used to </span><strong>move substances around</strong><span> inside a cell and to </span><strong>support the shape of a cell</strong></p></li><li><p>arranged at right angles</p></li><li><p>involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division</p></li></ul>
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20

Lysosomes

  • forms of vesicle which contain hydrolytic enzymes

  • break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles

<ul><li><p><span>forms of </span><strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">vesicle</span></strong><span> which contain </span><strong><span style="color: var(--bs-link-color)">hydrolytic</span>&nbsp;enzymes</strong></p></li><li><p><span>break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles</span></p></li></ul>
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21

Golgi apparatus

  • consists of flattened sacs of membrane

  • modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles

  • The vesicles then transport the proteins and lipids to their required destination

<ul><li><p><span>consists of </span><strong>flattened sacs of membrane</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>modifies&nbsp;proteins and lipids</strong><span> before&nbsp;</span><strong>packaging</strong><span>&nbsp;them into </span><strong><span>G</span>olgi vesicles</strong></p></li><li><p>The vesicles then<strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)">&nbsp;</span>transport the proteins and lipids</strong>&nbsp;to their required destination </p></li></ul>
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22

organelles involved in protein production and transport

  • proteins first go to the Golgi apparatus from the RER

  • the Golgi apparatus modifies the protein

  • then packages it into a secretory vesicle

  • the secretory vesicle then goes to the cell membrane

  • which then fuses w the membrane

  • releases the proteins through exotyocisis

<ul><li><p>proteins first go to the Golgi apparatus from the RER</p></li><li><p>the Golgi apparatus modifies the protein</p></li><li><p>then packages it into a secretory vesicle </p></li><li><p>the secretory vesicle then goes to the cell membrane</p></li><li><p>which then fuses w the membrane</p></li><li><p>releases the proteins through exotyocisis</p></li></ul>
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23

free ribosomes

found within the cytoplasm make proteins that stay within the cytoplasm

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24

Proteins that go through the Golgi apparatus are usually

  • Exported, e.g. extracellular enzymes

  • Put into lysosomes, e.g. hydrolytic enzymes

  • Delivered to other membrane-bound organelles

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25

differences b/w prokaryotic and eukaryotic

  • A cytoplasm that lacks membrane-bound organelles

  • Ribosomes that are smaller (70 S)

  • No nucleus, instead having a single circular bacterial chromosome that is free in the cytoplasm and is not associated with proteins

  • A cell wall that contains the glycoprotein murein 

  • Loops of DNA known as plasmids

  • Capsules

  • Flagella

  • Pili

  • A cell membrane that contains folds known as mesosomes

<ul><li><p><mark data-color="green">A</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><strong><mark data-color="green">cytoplasm</mark></strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><mark data-color="green">that</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><strong><mark data-color="green">lacks membrane-bound organelles</mark></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="green">Ribosomes</mark></strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;that are&nbsp;</mark></span><mark data-color="green">smaller (70 S)</mark></p></li><li><p><strong><mark data-color="green">No nucleus,</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span></strong><mark data-color="green">instead having a</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><strong><mark data-color="green">single circular</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;bacterial chromosome</mark></span></strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><mark data-color="green">that is free in the cytoplasm and is</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><strong><mark data-color="green">not associated with proteins</mark></strong></p></li><li><p><mark data-color="green">A cell wall that contains the glycoprotein</mark><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span><strong><mark data-color="green">murein</mark></strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)"><mark data-color="green">&nbsp;</mark></span></p></li><li><p>Loops of DNA known as<strong><span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)">&nbsp;</span>plasmids</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Capsules</strong></p></li><li><p>Flagella</p></li><li><p>Pili</p></li><li><p>A cell membrane that contains folds known as<span style="color: var(--bs-body-color)">&nbsp;</span><strong>mesosomes</strong></p></li></ul>
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26

plasmid

  • small loops of DNA

  • contain genes that can be passed b/w prokaryotes

  • not present in all prokaryotes

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27

capsule

  • surrounds prokaryote

  • helps to protect from bacteria from drying out and from attack by cells of the immune system of the host organism

  • not present in all

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flagellum

  • long hair like structure that rotates

  • allows mobility

  • sometimes theres more than one

  • not present in all

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pilli

  • thread like structures on the surface of some bacteria

  • enables bacteria to attack to other cells or surfaces

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mesosomes

infoldinfgs of the inner membrane which contains enzymes required for respiration

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31

ciruclar DNA

  • the genetic material of prokaryotic cells consists of a single circular strand of DNA

  • the area where this molecule is found is known as nucleoid

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32

ribosomes

  • 70S ribosomes which are smaller

  • the site of protein synthesis

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33

Transmission Electron Microscopes 

  • use electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons

  • which is transmitted through a thin specimen

  • Denser parts of the specimen absorb more electrons; which appear darker on the image

  • The internal structures can be seen as a 2D image

  • very high resolution

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Scanning Electron Microscopes

  • scan a beam of electrons across a specimen

  • This beam bounces off the surface of the specimen and the electrons are detected, forming an image

  • can produce 3D images that show the surface of specimens

  • specimen viewed does not have to be thin

  • lower resolution than TEMs

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35

magnification

how many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is in comparison to the actual size of the specimen

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36

how to calculate the total magnification in light microscope

total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification (10) x objective lens magnification

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37

Resolution

The ability to distinguish between two separate points

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Relationship bw magnification and resolution

The resolution of a microscope limits the magnification that it is capable of

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39

why do electron microscopes have a better resolution than light microscopes

  • electrons have a much smaller wavelength than visible light

  • The resolution of a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light; the wavelength of light is too long to allow for high resolution

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40

comparing light and electron microscopes

  • vacuum is needed for EM while its not needed for LM

  • EM has a magnification over x500000 and LM has up to x2000

  • EM has a resolution of 0.5nm while LM has 200nm

  • EM observes dead specimens while LM observes dead or living

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41

why are specimens stained in microscopy

as the cytoplasm and other cell structures may be transparent or difficult to distinguish

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42

light microscope stains

most of the colours seen in images taken using a light microscope are due to added stains. Except for chloroplasts which show up as their natural colour (green)

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