Total Bio Final Review

steps of the scientific method

observation

ask question

form hypothesis

design controlled exp.

collect data

anylyze data

parts of an experiment

independent vs. dependent, control group vs. experimental group

Independent Variable

The variable you change on purpose

Dependent Variable

the variable you measure or observe

Control Group

all variables same as experimental except no independent variable

experiment group

all same control group except yes independent variable

Controlled experiment

experiment in which only one variable is changed

Qualitative data

qualities not numbers

quantitive data

numbers

Hypothesis

testable statement about how or why something happens

Theory

explains how or why something happens

the organelle involved in the process of photosynthesis

chloroplast

which stages happen in the parts of this organelle

Light-dependent reactions- thylakoid membrane

Light-independent reactions- stroma

the pigment involved in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

Know the products from photosynthesis that are important for cellular respiration

sugar and oxygen

Know aerobic vs. anaerobic

aerobic- needs oxygen

anaerobic- not need oxygen

how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected

products of photosynthesis are inputs of cellular respiration and products of cellular respiration are inputs of photosynthesis

different stages in the entire cell cycle

G1

G2

S Phase

G0

G1 Phase

Cell grows

S Phase

DNA copied

G2 Phase

Prepares for mitosis

G0 Phase

cell cycle paused

the phases of Mitosis

Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nucleus dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids pull apart to opposite ends

Telophase

New nucleus reappears, chromosomes not visible

Cytokinesis

cell splits

Dominant gene

always Expressed when present

Recessive gene

only expressed when both alleles are recessive

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles

Heterozygous

One dominant, one recessive allele

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Genotype ratio

1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa

Phenotype ratio

3 dominant : 1 recessive

meiosis Prophase I

spindles form, chromosomes form, nucleus disappears, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over can occur

what is crossing over

homologous pairs swap genes

meiosis Metaphase I

chromosomes line up down the middle, lined up as homologous pairs

meiosis anaphase I

homologous chromosomes separate to opp. sides of cell

meiosis Telophase I/cytokenesis

nucleus reforms, chromosomes not visible, pinching for cytokenesis, spindles disappear, chromosomes now seprated in diff. cells and are not pairs making 2 haploid cells for m2

meiosis Prophase II

2 haploid daughter cells go through this process, spindle fibers form, chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears

meiosis metaphase II

chromosomes line up, spindles attach to sister chromatid

meiosis anaphase II

sister chromatids seperate and go to opp sides

meiosis telephase II

spindle disappear, chromosomes not visible, nucleus reappears, pinching, end w/ 4 haploid cells

Diploid (2n)

Full set of chromosomes (body cells)

Haploid (n)

Half set (gametes/sex cells)

the parts of a nucleotide

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Phosphate

Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)

the parts of a DNA molecule such as the different bonds involved

Hydrogen bonds: between base pairs (A-T, C-G)

Covalent bonds: between sugar and phosphate backbone

the enzymes involved in replication

helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase

DNA Helicase:

unzips DNA - breaks H bonds

DNA polymerase

adds new nucleotides for new strand

DNA Ligase

seals gaps between okazaki fragments

the differences between DNA and RNA

DNA-double strande d, thymine, deoxyribose

RNA- single stranded, uracil, ribose

what happens in transcription

mRNA copies the DNA - tRNA carries the DNA to cytoplasm rRNA which makes the protien

Codon

3-letter sequence on mRNA

Anticodon

3-letter match on tRNA

Point mutation

one amino acid is changed

Frameshift

insertion or deletion (more damaging)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Species evolve over time by natural selection

natural selection and how this process occurs

Traits that help survival are selected for

Organisms with beneficial traits live longer & reproduce more

RNA primase

adds RNA at beginning so polymerase knows where to start

topoisomerase

unwinds dna double helix

how does dna replication work

semi conservative- old dna strand used to make new DNA strand they go to together

What are the stages of cellular respiration and what order do they occur in?

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

Where does glycolysis occur?

in cytoplasm (outside of mitochondria)

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

Where does electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

reactants: 1 glucose and 2 ATP

products: 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH

What are the reactants and products of the krebs cycle?

reactants: 2 pyruvate molecules (one per turn)

products: 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 (2 ATP?) (half per one turn)

What are the reactants and products of the electron transport chain?

Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2

Products: H2O, 26-38 ATP

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other?

The oxygen and glucose made in photosynthesis are used in cell respiration. The carbon dioxide and water produced in cellular respiration are then used in photosynthesis to create glucose and oxygen. The cycle then repeats!

Order of the cell cycle? What happens in interphase vs M phase?

Interphase

- G1

- G0

- S Phase

- G2 Phase

M Phase

- Mitosis

- Cytokinesis

What happens in G1?

Cell growth

What happens in S Phase?

DNA replicates

What happens in G2?

Cell preps for mitosis

What happens in G0 Phase?

It's a branch off of G1 where cells with problems go and divison is paused dividing. This can be permanent or temporary

What happens in mitosis?

PMAT

What happens in Prophase? 3

Nucleus disappears, chromosomes condense and are visible, spindle fibers form

What happens in Metaphase? M for? 2

Middle.

Chromosomes line up single file down middle of cell. Spindles attach to the centrioles of the chromosones

What happens in Anaphase? A for? 1

Away.

Sister chromatids get pulled apart and moved to the opposite sides of cells by the spindles

What happens in telephase? T for? 3

Two.

Nucleus reforms, spindles fibers disapear, chromosomes start to no longer be visible

What happens in Cytokynesis?

Cytoplasm divides to create to identical daughter cells. Cell membrane pinches and causes clevage until fully apart and now 2 cells

What happens in a plant cell division?

Can't pinch due to cell wall, cell plate forms down middle and will turn into new cell wall for 2 new cells?

Why do cells divide?

To help repair the body and for general maintenance of body tissue. To make new cells to repair damaged ones.

What is a cyclin? When does it show?

A protein that helps regulate the cell cycle. Only when needed at checkpoints

What is CDK?

Enzyme that is always present but only works when cyclin needed is present. Regulates cell cycle

What do CDK and cyclin do together?

Manage checkpoints

How do the dependent and independent reactions relate and work together in photosynthesis?

They work together to create sugar for the plant.

- the light dependent creates ATP and NADPH which the Calvin Cycle uses to create sugar(gluclose)

What is the job of photosystem II in the electrons transport chain? 2 main things

- absorbs sunlight energy, which charges the electrons

- it splits H2O molecules, releasing oxygen (and hydrogen ions)

What happens in photosystem I in the electron transport chain? 1 thing photosynthesis

- electrons are recharged (in the same way as photosystem II)

What is the overall goal of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

What is the energy source in the light dependent reaction?

Sunlight

What are the products from the light dependent that go in the light independent reaction?

ATP and NADPH

natural selection

nature/ environment an organism is in will determine what traits are favorable + survive

artificial selection

humans choose + breed what trains they find favorable in an organism