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chapter 3
in active transport, releases energy by
breaking down ATP
moving molecules up their concentration gradient means
when cells need to move atoms and molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
that energy os used to push a molecule up its concentration gradient
pumps
transporting proteins that perform active transport
the sodium-potassium pump allows cells to actively pump (in animal cell)
sodium will always diffuse into the ICF
potassium will always diffuse out to the ECF
ever single cell in animals have this transport protein
sodium-potassium pump
each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump
moves 3 sodium ions
moves 2 potassium ions
breaks down 1 molecule of ATP
the action of the sodium-potassium pump creates
permanent concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ ions between the ICF and ECF
chemical potential energy is released when
sodium and/or potassium ions diffuse down their concentration gradients
we use energy (in the form of ATP) ti create the
sodium and potassium gradients
chemical potential energy is released when
sodium or potassium ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
(energy is stored in the gradients of sodium and potassium)
transport coupling
to provide the energy for active transport of another molecule instead of spending ATP
primary active transport
the part of the system that breaks down ATP to transport atoms or molecules
secondary active transport
the part of the system that uses the gradient created by the primary transporter
SGLT1 couples the active transport of glucose to the
diffusion of sodium down its concentration gradient
diffusion of sodium releases energy and that released energy lets SGLT1 move
glucose up its concentration gradient
passive transport →
release energy
active transport →
expend energy
potential energy
energy that is stored in an object’s position or location
kinetic energy
energy that is doing work
(motion, light, heat, and sound)
the first law of thermodynamics state
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another
why passive process (diffusion) release energy -
the chemical p.e. stored in a concentration gradient is converted to kinetic energy in the form of diffusion (movement) of molecules
why active process (active transport) spend energy
we are moving from low to high concentration (up the ramp) so it will take kinetic energy to move up the concentration gradient.
