MCAT Prep

What hormones are responsible for satiety and feelings of fullness?

Insulin and leptin

What is considered the hunger hormone and increases appetite

Ghrelin

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?

FSH, LH, Prolactin, ACTH, Growth hormone, TSH

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH and oxytocin

How does dopamine affect hunger?

controls motivation for food

What type of hormones are hydrophobic and lipophilic?

steroid hormones

What type of hormones are hydrophilic and lipophobic?

peptide hormones

What hormone affects fluid balance, being linked with bloating and water retention during menstrual cycle?

Estrogen

What hormone is related to sexual gratification and relieves sexual arousal following orgasm?

Prolactin

What hormone causes euphoria and pleasure post-orgasm?

Endorphins

What hormone facilitates bonds and feelings of connectedness between sexual partners?

Oxytocin

What is short-term maturation effects?

physiological changes that affect outcome measurements

What type of neural cells help secrete CSF and helps form barrier that separates CSF from the rest of the body?

Ependymal cells

What embryonic stage does majority of the nervous system arise from?

ectoderm

What embryonic stage does the immune system arise from?

mesoderm

What structure is a thick layer of glycoproteins and forms a protective layer that sperm has to get through?

zona pellucidia

What are the steps of fertilization?

Sperm binding, acrosome reaction, cortical reaction, and genetic transfer

What step of fertilization is being described: sperm comes in contact with the zona pellicudia?

sperm binding

What step of fertilization is described: acrosomes leak out of head and interact with zona pellicudia by digesting glycoproteins?

acrosomal reaction

What step of fertilization is described: sperm head makes contact with the plasma membrane, cortical granules digest zona pellicudia, preventing multiple sperms from binding?

cortical reaction

What important step occurs in the cortical reaction?

prevention of multiple sperm binding to zona pellicudia, called block to polyspermy

What step of fertilization is being described: plasma membrane of egg and sperm fuse, genetic information from sperm head starts to interact with genetic information in the egg

genetic transfer

How many mitochrondia are found in sperm?

75-100

How many mitochrondia are found in an egg?

100,000-200,000

When is the combination of sperm and egg considered a zygote?

after the genetic transfer

Cleavage is:

cells splitting without the growth of the cells

When is the zygote considered a morula?

when the zygote reaches 32+ cells

What is compaction?

when the cells of the morula start to get even closer

What do cells in the morula differentiate into?

trophoblasts and embryoblasts

which cells are on the outer edge of the morula?

trophoblasts

what cells are the inner center of the morula?

embryoblasts

What causes a blastocoel?

the embryoblasts start clumping together, leaving a cavity

What is a blastocyst?

structure with blastocoel with outer ring of trophoblast

What step of embryogenesis is being described: zona pellicudia starts to disintegrate amniotic cavity forms, inner embryoblasts start to differentiate

blastulation

What cells do embryoblasts differentiate into?

hypoblsdts and epiblasts

what is the primitive streak?

the site where epiblast layer of bilaminar disk starts to migrate, beginning gastrulation

what cells form the bilaminar disk?

both layers of hypoblasts and epiblasts

What does the primitive streak do?

the primitive streak extends and spreads through the layers of the bilaminar disk

What structures form the germ layers?

the trilaminar disk

What forms the trilaminar disk?

the hypoblast, layer formed by the primitive streak, and the epiblast

What layer does the hypoblast form?

ectoderm

What layer does the epiblast form?

endoderm

What layer does the primitive streak form?

the mesoderm

What is gastrulation?

the formation of the trilaminar disk

What is a neural plate?

thickening in the ectoderm

What causes change within the ectoderm?

differentiation of cells in the mesoderm

What anatomic structures are formed from the endoderm?

GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine

What anatomic structures are formed from the mesoderm?

inner layer of the skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidney, bladder, ovary/testes

What anatomic structures are formed from the ectoderm?

outer layer of the skin, sweat glands, hair, central nervous system

When does implantation occur?

after the blastocyst has been fertilized for 1 week

What is apposition in fertilization?

contact between cells in endometrium with cells in the blastocyst

Where does the blastocyst implant?

in crypts in the endometrium

What is adhesion in fertilization?

trophoblasts start to multiply and invade the endometrial tissue

What is a syncytioytophoblast?

the fusion of trophoblasts with uterine blood vessels, is multinucleated

What are villi?

finger-like projections from syncytiotrophoblasts that embed into endometrium

What structure develops into fetal blood vessels?

villi

What structure blocks fetal blood vessels from mixing with uterine blood vessels?

the membrane of trophoblasts

When does organogenesis happen?

10 weeks of gestation

at what gestation week is a blastocyst considered a fetus?

after 10 weeks

When does the fetus have 50% chance of survival and birth complication rate declines?

24 weeks

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

XXY

What is turner syndrome?

XO

What trimester do neurons and synapse develop?

1st trimester

what trimester does myelination occur?

2nd trimester

What are considered permanent reflexes?

breathing reflex, eye blink reflex, pupillary reflex, and swallowing

What brain structures are changed during adolescence?

PFC, limbic system-mainly amygdala and hypothalamus, corpus collosum

At what life stage is there increased myelination?

adolescence

At what life stage is there increased synaptic pruning?

adolescence

What reflex is being described: when the head is turned to one side, one arm straightens and the other arm bends, happens until 6 months old

Tonic neck reflec

What reflex is being described: when a baby is touched on one side, the baby will turn to the side they are being touched, happens until 6 months

galant reflex

At around when do males begin puberty?

13

at around when do females begin puberty?

11

What milestone marks puberty in males?

the first ejectulation

What milestone marks puberty in females?

first menstrual cycle