Principals of Sociology - Final Exam

Sociology helps us:

 

a. Avoid science

 

b. Understand social behavior

 

c. Ignore society

 

d. Control people

b. understand social behavior

Culture shock is:

a. Disorientation in new culture

b. Knowledge

 

c. Happiness

 

d. Comfort

a. Disorientation in new culture

Social control refers to:

 

a. Regulating behavior

 

b. Emotions

 

c. Biology

 

d. Freedom

a. Regulating behavior

Society influences:

 

Behavior

 

Nothing

 

Only economy

 

Only laws

Behavior

Institution is:

 

Emotion

 

Individual

 

Building

 

Organized system of norms

Organized system of norms

What did Durkheim study?

 

Economics

 

Social order and cohesion

 

Religion only

 

Politics

Social order and cohesion

Ascribed status is:

 

Learned

 

Given at birth

 

Chosen

 

Earned

Given at birth

Weber focused on:

Meaning and social action

Only class conflict

 

Biology

 

Laws

Meaning and social action

What is a value?

 

A punishment

 

A law

 

A behavior

 

A belief about what is good or bad

A belief about what is good or bad

A sociologist studies:

Only individuals

Only biology

 

Social patterns

 

Only economics

Social patterns

Which perspective focuses on inequality?

 

Symbolic interactionism

 

Functionalism

 

Conflict theory

 

Positivism

Conflict theory

Public issue example:

Family problem

National unemployment

 

Personal stress

 

Emotion

National unemployment

What is sociology?

 

The study of economic systems only

 

The study of biology and living organisms

 

The study of individual psychology

 

The scientific study of groups, societies, and social interactions

The scientific study of groups, societies, and social interactions

Social interaction is:

 

Isolation

 

Exchange between people

 

Government

 

Economy

Exchange between people

Sociological imagination connects:

 

Personal troubles and public issues

 

Laws

 

Emotions

 

Biology

Personal troubles and public issues

What is positivism?

 

Religious explanation

 

Emotional study

 

Anti-science

 

Scientific study of society

Scientific study of society

Role conflict is:

No roles

 

One role

 

Same roles

 

Conflict between roles

Conflict between roles

Sanctions enforce:

Laws only

Norms

 

Values

 

Culture

Norms

Nonmaterial culture includes:

Tools

Buildings

 

Clothes

 

Beliefs and values

Beliefs and values

Society is:

 

Laws only

 

Government only

 

Individuals only

 

Interactions and culture

Interactions and culture

Dramaturgy compares life to:

Game

Machine

 

Stage

 

War

stage

Bias means:

 

Fact

 

Science

 

Personal influence

 

Neutrality

Personal influence

Individuals influence society:

 

Yes

 

Never

 

Rarely

 

Only leaders

Yes

Who reintroduced sociology in 1838?

 

Karl Marx

 

Herbert Spencer

 

Auguste Comte

 

Max Weber

Auguste Comte

Counterculture:

 

Ignores culture

 

Supports society

 

Opposes dominant culture

 

Follows laws

Opposes dominant culture

What drives social change according to Marx?

 

Technology

 

Individual choice

 

Religion

 

Class conflict

Class conflict

Achieved status is:

 

Forced

 

Random

 

Given

 

Earned

Earned

Which theorist studied capitalism and class struggle?

 

Karl Marx

 

Weber

 

Durkheim

 

Comte

Karl Marx

Subculture refers to:

 

Entire society

 

No culture

 

Smaller cultural group

 

Laws

Laws

What is figuration?

 

Ignoring society

 

Studying individuals only

 

Studying economics only

 

Studying individuals and society together

Studying individuals and society together

Inductive reasoning:

 

Theory

 

Specific → general

 

General → specific

 

Law

Specific → general

What is a variable?

 

Theory

 

Something that can change

 

Constant

 

Fact

Something that can change

Informed consent?

 

Agreement after being informed

 

Anonymous only

 

Forced participation

 

Hidden research

Agreement after being informed

Participant observation:

 

Participating in group

 

Interviews

 

Surveys

 

Watching only

Participating in group

Operational definition:

 

Theory

 

Idea

 

Measurable definition

 

Guess

Measurable definition

Studying culture immersion is:

 

Statistics

 

Experiment

 

Survey

 

Ethnography

Ethnography

Ethical violation includes:

 

honesty

 

Consent

 

Harm

 

Privacy

Harm

Data analysis means:

 

Guessing

 

Skipping

 

Ignoring data

 

Interpreting data

Interpreting data

Valid research is:

 

Biased

 

False

 

Random

 

Accurate

Accurate

Deductive reasoning:

 

General → specific

 

Specific → general

 

Random

 

Guess

General → specific

Bias is:

 

Neutrality

 

Personal influence

 

Accuracy

 

Data

Personal influence

Graphs show:

 

Opinions

 

Stories

 

Words

 

Data visually

Data visually

Reliable research is:

 

Biased

 

Guess

 

One-time

 

Consistent

Consistent

Theory explains:

 

Relationships

 

Numbers

 

Data only

 

Laws

Relationships

Debriefing means:

 

Explaining after study

 

Starting study

 

Ending research

 

Ignoring participants

Explaining after study

Interview study is:

 

Qualitative

 

Experimental

 

Statistical

 

Quantitative

Qualitative

Dependent variable?

 

Effect

 

Theory

 

Method

 

Cause

Effect

Random sampling reduces:

 

Accuracy

 

Variables

 

Data

 

Bias

Bias

Median is:

 

Average

 

Highest

 

Lowest

 

Middle value

Middle value

Quantitative research uses:

 

Emotions

 

Stories

 

Words

 

Numbers

Numbers

Mode is:

 

Average

 

Most frequent

 

Range

 

Middle

Most frequent

Confidentiality means:

 

Publishing names

 

Keeping identities private

 

Sharing data

 

Ignoring privacy

Keeping identities private

Experiment measures:

 

Opinion

 

Cause and effect

 

Culture

 

Theory

Cause and effect

Tables show:

 

Emotions

 

Theory

 

Bias

 

Organized data

Organized data

Hypothesis tests:

 

Opinion

 

Fact

 

Theory

 

Prediction

Prediction

Random sample means:

 

Biased

 

Volunteers only

 

Equal chance selection

 

Chosen group

Equal chance selection

Correlation means:

 

Proof

 

Bias

 

Relationship

 

Cause

Relationship

Subjectivity is:

 

Fact

 

Personal view

 

Data

 

Neutrality

Personal view

Trends show:

 

Patterns over time

 

Randomness

 

Errors

 

Bias

Patterns over time

Replication means:

 

New study

 

Ignoring

 

Ending study

 

Repeating study

Repeating study

What is social interaction?

 

Biological process

 

Internal thinking only

 

Communication between people

 

Government control

Communication between people

Who developed dramaturgical theory?

 

Karl Marx

 

Max Weber

 

Émile Durkheim

 

Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman

What is symbolic meaning?

 

Genetic code

 

Biological function

 

Socially created meaning

 

Physical property

Socially created meaning

What is generalized other?

 

Society’s overall expectations

 

Government rules

 

Friends only

 

Family only

Society’s overall expectations

What is the main focus of symbolic interactionism?

 

How people interpret symbols in everyday interactions

 

Large-scale economic systems

 

Government structures

 

Biological instincts

How people interpret symbols in everyday interactions

What does dramaturgy compare social life to?

 

A machine

 

A stage performance

 

A law code

 

A system

A stage performance

What is role identity?

 

Identity based on social role

 

Physical identity

 

DNA identity

 

Economic identity

Identity based on social role

What is everyday life sociology?

 

Physics of humans

 

Politics only

 

Biology only

 

Study of daily interactions

Study of daily interactions

What is shared meaning?

 

Government rule

 

Common understanding in society

 

Private opinion

 

Biological instinct

Common understanding in society

What is meaning-making?

 

Creating shared understanding

 

Legal interpretation

 

Economic production

 

Physical labor

Creating shared understanding

What is a social role?

 

Expected behavior attached to a status

 

Genetic behavior

 

Random action

 

Personality trait

Expected behavior attached to a status

What is social exchange?

 

Biology

 

Interaction involving rewards

 

Government law

 

Money only

Interaction involving rewards

What is identity?

 

Sense of self in society

 

Government ID

 

Economic status only

 

DNA structure

Sense of self in society

What is significant other?

 

Government leader

 

Stranger

 

Important person influencing self

 

Random individual

Important person influencing self

What is interaction pattern?

 

Random behavior

 

Physical law

 

Repeated social behavior structure

 

Biology

Repeated social behavior structure

What is objective meaning?

 

Emotional response

 

Personal feeling

 

Shared, measurable meaning

 

Random thought

Shared, measurable meaning

What is shared symbols?

 

Government laws

 

Common cultural signs

 

Private codes

 

Biological signals

Common cultural signs

What is social perception?

 

Physical strength

 

Hearing ability

 

How we interpret others

 

Vision ability

How we interpret others

Which is an example of an achieved status?

 

Citizen at birth

 

Nurse

 

Child

 

Male

Nurse

Which is an example of a master status?

 

Friend

 

Being disabled

 

Hobbyist

 

Student

Being disabled

What is social behavior?

 

Random movement

 

Interaction influenced by society

 

Biological reaction

 

Solitary action

Interaction influenced by society

What is role exit?

 

Entering a new role

 

Switching cultures

 

Leaving a social role

 

Losing identity completely

Leaving a social role

What is role strain?

 

Difficulty meeting expectations of one role

 

Losing social identity

 

No social expectations

 

Conflict between different people

Difficulty meeting expectations of one role

What is everyday interaction?

 

Routine social behavior

 

Military strategy

 

Political action

 

Economic systems

Routine social behavior

Why can a thumbs-up gesture mean different things across cultures?

 

Meanings are socially constructed

 

It has one universal meaning

 

It is genetically determined

 

It is legally regulated

Meanings are socially constructed

What is interaction context?

 

Geography only

 

Situation influencing behavior

 

Genetics

 

Biology

Situation influencing behavior

What is face-to-face interaction?

 

Indirect communication

 

Direct personal interaction

 

Government communication

 

Online communication

Direct personal interaction

What is a front stage in dramaturgy?

 

Private behavior

 

Genetic behavior

 

Public performance of self

 

Hidden identity

Public performance of self

What is interaction?

 

Exchange between individuals

 

Solitary behavior

 

Economic trade only

 

Biological process

Exchange between individuals

What is interaction ritual?

 

Religious only

 

Repeated social behavior patterns

 

Legal only

 

Genetic behavior

Repeated social behavior patterns

What is self-esteem?

 

Economic level

 

Job status

 

Evaluation of self-worth

 

Biological trait

Evaluation of self-worth

What is social expectation?

 

Genetic rule

 

Biological instinct

 

Norm-based behavior expectation

 

Random action

Norm-based behavior expectation

What is reinforcement in socialization?

 

Punishment only

 

Random action

 

Biology

 

Rewarding behavior to encourage repetition

Rewarding behavior to encourage repetition

What is self-awareness?

 

Economic awareness

 

Physical awareness

 

Understanding oneself socially

 

Genetic awareness

Understanding oneself socially

What is status set?

 

One role

 

All statuses a person holds

 

No identity

 

Only job roles

All statuses a person holds

What is social development?

 

Growth through social experience

 

Genetics only

 

Physics only

 

Biology only

Growth through social experience

What is socialization best defined as?

 

Economic development

 

The lifelong process of learning norms, values, and behaviors

 

A one-time childhood event

 

Genetic inheritance

The lifelong process of learning norms, values, and behaviors

What is a role set?

 

Random actions

 

One behavior

 

All roles attached to one status

 

Genetic role

All roles attached to one status

What is group influence?

 

Genetics

 

Physics

 

Impact of peers on behavior

 

Biology

Impact of peers on behavior

Who developed psychosexual stages?

 

Mead

 

Kohlberg

 

Sigmund Freud

 

Cooley

Sigmund Freud