Allied Health 02 Pt B: Tissues, MacromoleculesOr

Tissues

• cells joined to work together for same function

• 70% water, 26% macromolecules

Macromolecules

• key large biological molecules that make up living things

• polymers made of monomers typically linked via covalent bonds

• critical role in organisms

• Process: DNA (instructions on how to make proteins) →1 gene transcribed into a mRNA →leaves nucleus →go to ribosome to be translated & modified →functioning protein!

Macromolecule: Protein

Protein:

• monomer: amino acids

• enzymes, signaling, receptors, structural, regulatory, contractile, protection against disease, transport, storage, etc.

• ex. enzymes, hormones, transport proteins

  • enzymes = biological catalysts (speed up biochemical rxns by lowering activation energy)

    • highly specific, only bind to certain substrates at active sites (enzyme remain unchanged/reuseable)

Macromolecule: Lipid

• monomer: fatty acid tail & glycerol head

• energy storage & structure in cell membrane

• ex. Fats, oils, steroids, phospholipid

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

• Monomer: Monosacchrides

• Energy storage & structure to transport energy + recognition in signaling paths

• ex. glucose, fructose, glycogen

Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids

• Monomer: Nucleotides

• informational (blueprint for life); stores, transmits, & expresses genetic info

• ex. DNA & RNA

Levels of Organization

organism → organ system → organ → tissues → cells

Cell Division

• all cells come from cells in cell cycle

• 3 main phases of cell cycle:

  • interphase: cell mostly here; DNA doubled →sister chromatids (l to X)

  • mitosis: where cell begins to divide; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

  • cytokinesis: cytoplasm spilts to form 2 idenical daughter cells

Differentiation

• process of stem cells of undergoing specialization (to become differ. cells w/ functions)

• gene expression determines what cell becomes

• organelles (that make up cell’s structure) give insight into what kind of job cell specializes in

  • form dictates function

organ

made up of 2+ different types of tissues

types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial Tissue

• covers body surfaces & lines body cavities to form boundaries, protect, absorb, & filter

• make up glands (1+ cells that create & secrete differ. products)

  • exocrine: externally secreting (travel through ducts to skin or organs)

    • sweat, salivary glands etc.

  • endocrine: internally secreting (straight into blood)

    • pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

• classified thorugh layers

  • simple (1 layer) vs. stratified (>1 layer)

• classified on cell shape

  • squamous vs. cuboidal vs. cdumnar

Connective Tissue

• supports, protects, insulates, transports, & binds other tissues tg

• 4 types: Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone(osseous), blood

Connective Tissue proper (connective tissue type)

• includes fats & fibrous tissues of ligaments

• insulates & protects body organs

• fuel reserve to story energy

• can be loose/dense

Cartilage (connective tissue type)

• Types: hyaline, elastic, & fibrocartilage

• all resist compressions by holding large amounts of water

caps the ends of bones inside movable joints, protecting them & enabling fluid movement

Bone (osseous) (connective tissue type)

• resists compression & tension

• extremely hard (good for support)

• compact or spongy

Blood (connective tissue type)

• fluid tissue made of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma

• carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, etc. throughout body

Muscle Tissue

• tightly packed cells

• allow movement through contractions

• 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Skeletal (muscle tissue type)

muscles attached to bone; control voluntary movement

smooth (muscle tissue type)

muscles that involuntarily propel substances/objs. along internal passageways

cardiac

muscles of heart; involuntarily contract to propel blood into circulation throughout body

Nervous Tissue

• main part of nervous system organs; control regulation & communication (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

  • composed of neurons (highly specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses)