Exam 2 Dual Credit Govt.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in America

15th Amendment

Gave black men/all males the right to vote

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

26th Amendment

Lowered federal voting age from 21 to 18

14th Amendment

Citizenship, equal protection under the law. “Citizens of the United States”, “equal protection of the laws”

Affirmative Action

Measures taken in hiring, recruitment, employment, and education to benefit disadvantaged.

It gives opportunities to those who are disadvantaged

Why do some support affirmative action?

They believe that hiring, recruitment, etc. should be completely merit-based

Why are some against affirmative action?

Equality of Condition

Equality that values economic status and housing, healthcare, etc.

Equality of Opportunity

Provides all citizens an opportunity for participation in economic system, but accepts unequal income, political power, and property

Indian Citizen Act

Act passed in 1924

Loving V. Virginia

Struck down laws prohibiting different-race marriage

De Jure Segregation

Segregation in housing and schools by government officials

De Facto Segregation

Segregation in housing and schools by people’s active choices

Plessy V. Ferguson

Supported “separate but equal”

Political Quality

A fundamental value of the U.S. government, supports all citizens’ opportunities

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Attacked literacy tests and other measures that prevented African Americans from voting

Ceasar Chavez

Latino civil rights activist, founded United Farm Workers, used nonviolent tactics

Emmett Till

African American man who was brutally murdered after allegedly flirting with a white woman. His situation brought a new light onto the subjects of racism and lynching. The murderers were found not guilty of any charges.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations.

Public Opinion

The opinion of the public

Sample

A subset of the population under study, should reflect the voting pool

Margin of Error

Difference between prediction and results. If higher than 3%, cannot be trusted.

Confidence Level

Probability that the results are accurate

Exit Polls

Survey of voters leaving polling places, used to gauge how candidates are doing.

People who answered polls lied about who they voted for (Bradley effect)

Why the polls got the 2016 election so wrong

Bradley Effect

Theory that states that voters may lie in polls

True

T/F: Our society’s advanced level of education has not directly translated into a more politically informed citizenry?

Conservatism

The traditional approach, typically religious, social issues are important, less power to the federal government, lower all taxes including the rich

Liberalism

The government is a positive force, action to promote equality, civil rights, and social change.

Libertarian

Support individual liberty over the government, the 3rd biggest political ideology.

Populist

Belief that the government can be a positive force to protect average people against the elite. Domestic peace and national defense.

Political Culture

Dominant political beliefs of a nation or state

Catalyst-for-Change Theory

Public opinion shapes and alters our political culture and allows it to change

Barometer of Public Attitudes

Popular culture affects public opinion

Interactive Theory

Popular culture both shapes and reflects popular opinion

Political Ideology

A pattern/group of beliefs on how the government, society, and the economy should operate

Political Socialization

The process by which people acquire political knowledge and come to form political opinions

18 years old, registered, U.S. citizen, residency

Voting criteria

Incumbent Advantage

Factors that favor office-holder in election

Participation Paradox

Citizens vote though single votes rarely determine elections

Income, education, age, race

Factors that factor into voting likeliness

Voter Turnout

Percentage of people who can vote who do

Voting Age Population

Those who are 18 years or older

Voting Eligible Population

Those who are 18 or over who are eligible to vote, whether they are registered or not

Primary

Initial election within one party

Electoral College

A group of people, appointed by each state, who elect the president and vice president

583

Total electors in electoral college

435

Representatives from congress in electoral college

100

Senators in electoral college

3

District of Columbia in electoral college

Independent

Voter not affiliated with any party

Political Party

Organization with shared political ideology with a goal to gain control

Party Identification

The belief that one belongs to a certain party

Party Platform

Formal issue positions of the party

Third Party

Outside of main two parties

Moderates

Not steadfast in party views

Party Polarization

Two parties’ ideologies grow father apart, less willingness to compromise

Party Realignment

Transition from one party-system to another

PAC (Political Action Committee)

Can accept as many donations as possible, support candidates

Citizens’ United

Court case which dealt with unlimited spending for political purposes

Gerrymander

District or precinct that is drawn specifically to favor some political candidate, party, or ethnic group