Movement Analysis Wk 1: Introduction to Occupation-Based Anatomy

The study of human movement, focusing on the active and passive structures involved

Kinesiology

Focuses on the forces (internal + external) that affect movement

The study of mechanical laws + their application to the human body (ex. lever arms)

Can be static or dynamic

Biomechanics

The focus is on ROM, strength, and endurance

Allows us to analyze movement in activity

DOES NOT address a holistic approach

Biomechanical Frame of Reference

Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life

Ex. ADLs, IADLS, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, health management, and social participation

Occupations

Completing these meaningful activities by a person, group, or population

Occupational performance

Goal-directed actions that contribute to occupational performance

Ex. Motor, process, and social interaction

Performance skills

Reaching, stabilizing, manipulating, and walking

Physical contribution to occupation

Motor skills

Cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial function essential

Navigating and organizing

Process skills

Underlying body structures that contribute to movements involved in daily function

Relates to motor performance skills

Functional anatomy

Moving from one position or place to another

Examples:

• Changing positions in bed

• Transferring

• Walking

Functional mobility

Emphasizes the meaning behind the motion, recognizing movement as an outflow of individual volition, or will

Purposeful movement

Habits

Routines

Roles

Rituals

Performance patterns

Identifies performance skills and patterns that facilitate or inhibit occupational performance

Activity analysis

Term for back or dorsal

Posterior

Term for front, volar, or ventral

Anterior

Term for direction of the skull

Cranial

Term for beneath or toward the tail

Caudal

Attachment that moves the least (stable)

Usually proximal

Origin

More movable attachment

Usually distal

Insertion

Use of physical touch to identify structures

Usually done in muscle belly (between origin + insertion)

Looking for muscle contraction

Palpation

Features that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin

Surface anatomy

Component of bone that protrudes beneath skin

Bony landmark

Divides body into right and left sides

Flexion and extension movements

Sagittal plane

Coronal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Abduction and adduction movements

Frontal plane

Divides body into inferior and superior portions

Rotatory (rotary) movements

Transverse plane

Joints rotate around what?

Axes of motion

What is the joint’s center of rotation?

Axis

When referring to axes of motion

Medial to lateral

Frontal axis

When referring to axes of motion

Anterior to posterior

Sagittal axis

When referring to axes of motion

Inferior to superior

Vertical axis

Cooperative, interdependent movement of segments and joints of the body

Kinetic chains

Functional movement

Proximal joints moving in relation to fixed/distal segment

Promote stabilization

Examples:

• Pushing a grocery cart

• Squatting to pick up a box

Closed-chain

Free movement of distal segment in space

Allows joints to move together OR independently of others

Promotes mobility

Example: conducting an orchestra

Open-chain

Any push or pull of matter

Ex. gravity

Force

Pulling force

Tensile force

Pushing force

Compressive force

The lever arm is known as what?

Distance from a joint to the muscle

Moment arm

These are pulley systems, provide mechanical advantage, and generate functional motion

Levers

Exerted force and resistive force on opposite sides of axis

Axis in the middle

Examples: seesaw, human neck

First-class lever

Resistive force closer to axis than exerted force and on same side

*Greatest mechanical advantage

Examples: using a wheelbarrow, the ankle

Second-class lever

Most common in human body

Allows for higher-velocity movements

Third-class lever

*MC: The effort is between the axis and resistance, what lever is this?

Third-class

Force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it

Joint reaction force

Amount of applied force per area

Example: pounds per square inch

Stress

Amount of material displacement (tissue) under specific amount of stress

Strain

The ability to stretch and return to original shape (what the normal body does)

Elasticity

Made of collagen + calcium

Bone

Greater mineral content than collagen

Shaft of long bones

Rigid support

Cortical bone

Higher collagen content

Found in marrow cavity and at end of long bones (ex. ball + socket joint)

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Covers ends of long bones

Dense connective tissue to absorb force between bones

Multiple layers

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Degeneration of cartilage within a joint

Osteoarthritis

Connect bone to bone

Joint stability (ex. posture, support)

Ligaments

Connect muscle to bone

Transfer force

Tendons

Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint

Passive stability

Contains synovial fluid

Joint capsule

Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles

Example: Abdominal muscles that forms rectus sheath

Aponeurosis

Moves bones of skeleton

Supplies force for purposeful movement

Striated and alternating bands of fibers

Skeletal muscle

Contraction of this flexes the elbow

Biceps Brachii

Acts in multiple directions

Elevates the scapula

Flexes the cervical spine laterally

Upper trapezius

Microscopic study of body tissue

Skeletal Muscle Histology

What are the three layers of skeletal muscle histology (inner to outer)?

1. Endomysium

2. Perimysium

3. Epimysium

Contractile units of a muscle

Sarcomeres

*MC: What activates a muscle contraction?

Sarcomeres

A muscle is the strongest in what position?

Midrange

Area of a cross-section of muscle at its widest point

The wider the muscle is, the stronger

Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA)

Fibers oriented obliquely (slanted)

Multipennate, bipennate, and unipennate

Pennate muscles

Type 1 fibers

Low force over a long period of time (endurance, stamina, strength)

More resistant to fatigue

Ex. Distance runner

Slow-twitch fibers

Type II Fibers

Powerful contractions (not so good for endurance)

Ex. Sprinter

Fast-twitch fibers

Learned patterns of motion

Motor memory

This is the prime mover (ex. biceps for elbow flexion)

Agonist muscle

This is the contrasting muscle to a prime mover (ex. triceps, lengthens + works against you)

Antagonist muscle

Muscles that assist prime mover (working together)

Ex. 3 main muscles for elbow flexion: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis (last 2 are an example)

Synergists

Muscles that work together

Act in different directions to produce same motion or stabilize a joint

Force couple

Some muscles cross 1 joint

Ex?

Brachialis

Some muscles cross multiple joints - crosses wrist + metacarpals for flexion

Ex?

FDP

Contraction with NO change in length

Ex. Holding a 10lb weight

Isometric contraction

Contraction with change in muscle length + joint motion

Isotonic contraction

Lengthening (isotonic contraction)

Ex, Loering mug back to table

Eccentric

Shortening (isotonic contraction)

Ex. Bringing mug to mouth

Concentric

Mobile joints

Allow purposeful movement

Synovial joints

Sutures of skull

Little/no mobility

Stability

Fibrous joints

Pubic symphysis

Little/no mobility

Stability

Cartilaginous joints

Maximal contact between articular surfaces

Maximal tension on surrounding ligaments

Example: knee in full extension

Close-pack position

Least surface contact

Laxity of surrounding ligaments

Increased mobility of joint

Example: knee in slight (25 deg) flexion

Open-pack position

Spherical surface fits into concave depression

Most mobile

Rotates around three axes

Example: glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

Ball-and-socket joint

Oval-shaped convex end articulates with elliptical concave basin of another

Motion around two axes

Example: radiocarpal joint

Ellipsoid joint

Motion around single axis

Only flexion and extension

Collateral ligaments limiting medial and lateral movement

Example: humeroulnar (elbow) joint

Hinge joint

Modified ellipsoid joint

Convex and concave articulating surfaces

Motion around two axes

Example: carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb

Saddle joint

Two flat surfaces of adjacent bones

Least movement

Translation (gliding) movements between surfaces

Example: carpal bones of the wrist

Gliding joint

Motion around one axis

Bones rotating around another

Example: atlantoaxial joint

Pivot joint

Gross movement of bones in relation to one another

Osteokinematics

Distal bone glides in opposite direction of rotational movement

Ex. Wrist

Convex-Concave Rule