LRA 216 FINALS EXAM REDBIO 100 QUESTION.

Which of the following is the branch of science concerned with the methods of interaction and the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems?

radiobiology

Which of the following is credited with the discovery of x-rays in 1895?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Which of the following, in 1906, observed the effects of radiation by exposing rodent testicles to x-rays?

Bergonie & Tribondeau

Rick discovered that oxygen increases the cell-killing effect of a given dose of radiation. This is known as which of the following?

oxygen effect

The Law of Bergonie infers which of the following?

stem cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells

Which of the following is a measure of the ionization of air created by x- and gamma-radiation?

Roentgen (R)

Which of the following describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation and is considered the unit of absorbed dose?

RAD

Which of the following is the unit of dose equivalent, or occupational exposure?

REM

Which of the following is the SI unit for Roentgen (R)?

Coulomb/kilogram

Which of the following is the SI unit for the rad?

Gray

Which of the following is the SI unit for the REM?

Sievert

What is the current annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure?

0.05 Sievert

Cells which are considered highly radiosensitive include.

Lymphocytes,

spermatogonia,

erythroblasts,

and intestinal crypt cells

all the above

Which of the following affects cell responses to radiation?

1. linear energy transfer (LET)

2. relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

3. oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)

ALL THE ABOVE

_____ is a measure of the energy transferred to material as an ionizing particle travels through it. This measure is used to quantify the effects of ionizing radiation on biological specimens.

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

A graphical representation of observed effects compared with radiation dose is termed a

Dose-response curve

Which of the following is considered to be most radiosensitive?

Fetus

How does oxygen retention affect cell radiosensitivity?

increases radiosensitivity

Redness and swelling at the site of radiation exposure is termed

Inflammation

The peeling off of skin caused by irradiation is termed

desquamation

Abnormal redness of the skin due to irradiation is termed

Erythema.

The skin erythema dose necessary to affect 50% of the people irradiated is termed

SED50.

Epilation or alopecia are terms for

hair loss

The formation of cataracts caused by radiation is termed

Radiation Cataractogenesis

Radiation-induced cataracts have an average latent period of approximately _____ years

15

The reproductive cells of the female are termed

Oogonia

The reproductive cells of the male are termed

Spermagonia

Depletion of mature sperm in the male due to irradiation is termed

Maturation depletion.

Regarding the bone marrow cells, what is the correct order from least sensitive to most sensitive?

Megakaryocytes,

Myelocytes,

Erythroblasts.

Which acute radiation syndrome has an average survival time that is independent of dose?

Gastrointestional

Which of the following would be considered an early response to irradiation?

Cytogenetic damage

Which of the following is not an early response to irradiation?

Breast cancer

Which of the following is not an acute local tissue effect of radiation exposure?

Cataracts

Death from a single dose of whole body irradiation primarily involves damage to the

Bone marrow

What is the principal response of the blood caused by radiation exposure?

Decrease in cell number

Which of the following is defined as a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population?

Epidemiology

The following populations are used as sources of data on the incidence of radiation-induced cancer:

1. atomic bomb survivors

2. medically exposed patients

3. occupationally exposed personnel

4. populations who receive high natural background exposure

All the above

Radiation-induced malignancies include the following :

1. leukemia and skin carcinoma

2. thyroid and breast cancer

3. osteosarcoma

4. lung cancer

All the above

What is the approximate latent period for radiation-induced leukemia?

4-7 years

When does the greatest radiation hazard to a fetus exist?

first trimester

Which of the following describes radiation damage that increases the probability of causing a late effect but will not increase the severity of the effect?

stochastic

The annual effective limit for the fetus of an occupational worker is

0.5 rem

Guidelines for an institution's radiation monitoring program are established by the

Radiation Safety Officer

How tall must primary protective barriers be?

7 feet

Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube housing shall not exceed _____ mR/hr at a distance of 1 meter from the tube.

100

How many rems whole body cumulative exposure would a 50-year-old radiographer be allowed to receive?

50 rem

How many mSv's whole body cumulative exposure would a 50-year-old radiographer be allowed to receive?

500 msv

A type of dosimeter consisting of radiation dosimetry film to determine the amount of exposure personnel have received is the

Film badge

A device containing lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride crystals to calculate the amount of personnel exposure is the

Thermoluminescent dosimeter

A dosimeter containing filters composed of aluminum, tin, and copper, and thin strips of aluminum oxide, which when stimulated by a laser light becomes luminescent to the amount of radiation received is the

optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSL)

A device which uses an ionization chamber to determine personal exposure level is the

pen dosimeter

The measurement of ionizing radiation doses to personnel is termed

absorbed dose

Diagnostic radiology personnel may receive an annual effective dose limit of _____ rem for whole-body occupational exposure during routine operations.

5 rem

Primary protective barriers must consist of _____ inch lead.

1/16

Uncontrolled area design limits require barriers to reduce the exposure rate to less than _____ mrem/week.

10

The exposure switch cord on a mobile unit must be long enough to allow the radiographer to stand back at least _____ feet during the exposure.

6 feet

Protective lead gloves must have a minimum lead equivalency of at least _____ mm lead.

0.25

Which of the following people should be asked to hold a patient who needs physical support during an exposure?

Male friend

Lead aprons worn during a mobile exam must have a lead equivalency of at least _____ mm.

0.5 mm

The cardinal rules of radiation protection include: 1. time 2. distance 3. shielding

all the above

The total filtration of fluoroscopic equipment must be at least _____ Al equivalent.

2.5 mm

When wearing a lead apron, a personnel dosimeter must be worn

outside the apron at the collar

When wearing a lead apron, a pregnant radiographer is required to wear their fetal dosimeter

under the lead apron during fluoroscopy

Radiation survey instruments, such as the _____, are used to detect and measure radiation.

Geiger-Muller counter and cutie pie meter

Modern radiation protection guidelines are established on the philosophy of keeping exposures

ALARA

Those states that have agreements with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to take responsibility to enforce radiation protection guidelines through the state's department of health are termed

Agreement State

The general public has an annual effective dose limit of _____ Seiverts..

0.005

The annual effective dose limit for the lens of the eye is _____ Sv, and for all other organs is

0.05 Sv

Student radiographers under 18 years of age have an annual effective dose limit of _____ Sv.

1 mSv

The cumulative whole-body effective dose limit is calculated by multiplying one's age in year times _____ Sv.

1 rem

The cumulative whole-body effective dose limit is calculated by multiplying one's age in year times _____ mSv.

10 mSv

All facilities which receive accreditation by the _____ are required to monitor doses from diagnostic radiologic exams.

The Joint Commission

Which of the following is a measure of the radiation to a patient's skin at the entrance surface?

Entrance Surface Dose (ESD)

Increasing the distance between the individual and the source of radiation is an effective method to reduce exposure to radiation. Distance utilizes which of the following?

inverse square law

The exposure cord for the control booth must be

Attached to the control console

During radiography and fluoroscopic procedures at 1 meter from the patient, the beam intensity is reduced by a factor of 1,000, to approximately _____% of the original beam intensity.

0.1

The x-ray tube must be enclosed by a lead-lined metal covering, requiring _____ Pb.

1/16 inch

An area occupied by radiation personnel is defined as a(n)

controlled area

Controlled area design limits require barriers to reduce the exposure rate to less than _____ mrem/wk.

Wearing a thyroid shield during fluoroscopy reduces the dose to the thyroid region by a factor of

The fluoroscopic exposure switch is controlled by the radiologist by using either a foot pedal, or a hand switch located on the fluoro carriage. This switch is considered a

The law that states the intensity of radiation at a given distance from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object from the source is the

Applying the inverse square law, if we double our distance from the source, the intensity at our new distance is _____ as much as the original intensity.

Involuntary patient motion is best dealt with by

Radiation monitoring of personnel is required when personnel receive _____% of the annual effective dose limit.

The function of a filter is to remove which of the following from the x-ray beam?

Which of the following is the best type of gonadal shield to use during a sterile field procedure?

Which of the following is not a type of beam limitation device?

Which of the following is the most versatile type of x-ray beam limitation device?

Which of the following combinations would reduce patient radiation dose during an x-ray exam?

To within what percent of the SID must the collimator light and actual irradiated area be accurate?

The greatest beam limitation is accomplished when the cone/cylinder is _____, and the diameter opening is _____.

How much total filtration is required when using over 70 kVp?

Which of the following exposure techniques will provide the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient?

The number of repeat radiographs can be reduced by

Half-value layer (HVL) is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to

An effective way of reducing patient dose is through

Which of the following are placed between the patient and the image receptor (IR) to preferentially absorb scatter radiation?

One way to ensure against irradiating a women in the early stages of pregnancy is to institute _____ for nonemergency procedures.

Which of the following produce the greatest radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology?