Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change, and Matter Classification Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering sustainable development, climate change mechanisms and impacts, states and classification of matter, physical/chemical properties, and methods for separating mixtures based on the lecture transcript.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, integrating environmental, social, and economic contexts.

Sustainability

The ability to support or maintain a process over time by meeting current needs without compromising future generations.

Albedo

The ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight, playing a fundamental role in regulating Earth's temperature.

Additional Greenhouse Effect

The intensification of the natural greenhouse process caused by human activities releasing extra gases that trap solar energy in the atmosphere.

Radiative Forcing

The difference between the solar energy that reaches the Earth and the energy that is radiated back into space, used to evaluate factors affecting energy balance.

Ocean Acidification

The process where dissolved atmospheric $\text{CO}_2$ reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, lowering the ocean's pH.

Carbon Sinks

Natural carbon reservoirs, such as forests and oceans, that absorb $\text{CO}_2$ from the atmosphere.

Thermal Expansion of Water

The physical process where water increases in volume as its temperature rises, serving as a primary cause of sea level rise.

Aerosols

Atmospheric particles originating from natural and human sources that exert cooling or warming effects on the climate.

Habitat Fragmentation

The limitation of living space caused by urban development and agriculture, which restricts species reproduction and reduces genetic diversity.

Pteropods

Microscopic zooplankton with calcareous shells that form a critical base of the marine food chain.

Coccolithophores

Microscopic phytoplankton with calcareous shells that form a critical base of the marine food chain.

Climate Refugees

People forced to leave their homes due to the adverse impacts of climate change, such as droughts, floods, and sea level rise.

Thermohaline Circulation

A global system of ocean currents driven by density differences determined by temperature and salinity.

Permafrost

A layer of permanently frozen ground that stores organic matter and large quantities of carbon and methane.

Tipping Points

Critical thresholds in the climate system that, once reached, lead to abrupt and irreversible changes in the global climate.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space, comprising the entire physical universe.

Pure Substances

Materials with a uniform and defined chemical composition that cannot be broken down using physical methods.

Elements

Pure substances composed of a single type of atom, defined by the atomic number of protons in their nuclei.

Compounds

Chemical combinations of two or more different elements in defined proportions that can be broken down using chemical methods.

Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions)

Mixtures that have a uniform appearance throughout, where individual components are not visible to the naked eye.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Mixtures with a non-uniform composition whose individual components are easily distinguishable and separable.

Intensive Properties

Physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present, such as density, temperature, and boiling point.

Extensive Properties

Physical properties that depend directly on the amount of matter present, such as mass, volume, and total energy.

Physical Changes

Transformations that alter the shape, size, state, or color of matter without changing its underlying chemical composition.

Chemical Changes

Processes in which substances interact and transform into completely new materials with different chemical compositions.

Recovery

The process of isolating a valuable component from a product that cannot be reused or recycled.

Decanting

A separation technique used to separate non-mixing liquids or insoluble solids from liquids based on density differences.

Filtration

A technique that uses a porous filter material to separate insoluble solids from liquids.

Magnetic Separation

A phase separation method that utilizes a magnetic field to separate components based on their magnetic susceptibility.

Sieving

A separation method used to separate solid particles of different sizes using a sieve.

Distillation

A separation technique for soluble liquids that mix together, based on differences in their boiling points.

Crystallization

A separation method used to recover a dissolved solid from a liquid by forming crystals as solubility decreases.

Chromatography

A laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components of a mixture by passing a mobile phase through a stationary phase.

Centrifugation

A separation process that uses centrifugal force generated by a rotating machine to settle higher-density particles or solids out of liquids.

Evaporation

A method used to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid by heating the mixture until the liquid boils off completely.