7. Ideas and Ideologies; individuals; liberals and radical groups and Tsarist reaction

What did Alexander II’s reforms lead to opposition wise?

Growth of opposition

Which reforms in particular caused the growth of opposition? 3

University reforms,

legal reforms,

zemstva reforms

How did the university reforms grow opposition?

More reflection and evaluation of political system by students and professors

How did the legal reforms grow opposition?

Created a class of lawyers skilled in debate and challenging the law

How did reform of the Zemstva grow opposition?

Provided a forum for debate and spread new ideas among like-minded people

Who were the 6 groups of opposition to the Tsar?

Modern liberal opposition (slavophiles, westernisers)

Radical opposition

Minorities

Radical thinkers (Bakunin, Marx)

Populism

People’s Will

Who were westernisers?

People who believed copying western ways brings greater progress

Who were slavophiles?

People who believed Russia was unique and that its history and must be preserved

Who were the 2 groups of people in moderate liberal opposition?

Slavophiles

Westernisers

What was one action of the radical opposition under Alexander II?

Young russia set a series of fires in 1862, destroying 2k shops

When was the Polish revolt?

1863-64

How did Polish opposition begin?

Revolted in 1832, but failed, so reforms were restricted

When did polish revolt start?

January 1863

How did Alexander II respond after the polish revolt finished? 4

Seized property of polish catholic church in 1864

Closed warsaw university in 1869

Replaced polish as language of gov to Russian

Russian officials replaced polish officials

Give an example of 4 radical thinkers?

Chernyshevsky

Pisarev

Bakunin

Marx

What did Chernyshevsky argue for?

More radical changes in his novel ‘What is to be done?’

What did Pisarev argue for?

Re evaluation of russian society and government

What did Bakunin argue ?

The state crushed individual freedom and should therefore be removed

What did Marx argue for?

The overthrow of capitalism, for the turn to a socialist society. Published communist manifesto

What did populism aim to do?

Mobilise the peasantry into a revolutionary force, by inspiring them

What did Lavrov do to support populism?

Led a group of 2000 people in 1874 to raise peasants awareness

What type of tactics did the peoples will prefer?

Terrorist tactics, that aimed to destroy tsarist autocracy through violence and assassinations