the structure that houses the photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
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optic nerve
the structure that carries the information generated in the retina to the brain for visual processing
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vitreous humor
the clear substance found in the posterior segment of the eye that transmits light and maintains internal eye pressure
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lens
the structure that is held in place by the ciliary zone and allows for precise focusing of the incoming light onto the retina
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iris
the structure found between the cornea and the lens
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sclera
also called the "whites" of the eye. A fibrous layer that helps shape and protect the eye ball
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choroid
the layer of the eye the is pigmented and full of blood vessels. It helps absorb light in the eye so we don't have visual confusion
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aqueous humor
provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea and carries away wastes
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pupil
controls the amount of light the enters
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macula
the structure responsible for our clear, color vision
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vestibule
the central cavity of the inner ear that contains the utricle and saccule
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pharyngotmpanic tube
connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx
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tympanic membrane
separates the external ear from the middle ear
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taste bud
gustatory cells are found in this structure
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crista ampullaris
hair cells receptive to changes in dynamic equilibrium are found in this structure
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maculae
hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure
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olfactory epithelium
the receptors of smell are found in this structure
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external acoustic meatus
structure that introduces sound waves into ear
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diabetic retinopathy
a condition that results when high blood sugar leads to abnormal vessel growth in the retina, which can lead to the leakage of blood. This can lead to temporary or permanent blindness
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conduction deafness
a condition that may result from ostosclerosis or the hardening of the ear bones
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otitis media
an inflammation of the lining of the middle ear. common in children
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glaucoma
a condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure and compress the optic nerve
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macular degeneration
a condition where either pigments build up or blood leaks into the retina and prevents the fovea centralists from receiving light. symptoms include a large, fuzzy spot in the middle of the field of view
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myopia
focal point is front of the retina; subject is nearsighted
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diplopia
double vision
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hyperopia
focal point would be behind the retina; subject is farsighted
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nyctalopia
loss of rod function often due to vitamin A deficiency; subject has trouble seeing at night
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emmetropia
focal point falls on the retina; subject has normal vision
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posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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thyroid gland
calcitonin
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adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids like aldosterone
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adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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pituitary gland
stores hormones from hypothalamus and produces a number of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
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adrenal medulla
the gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction
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pancreas
produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the bdoy
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parathyroid gland
produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue
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thyroid gland
produces the body's major metabolic hormones
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goiter
this condition is the result of hypo secretion of thyroid hormone and a lack of dietary iodine
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hyperparathyroidism
this condition is the result of an overabundance of PTH, usually due to a tumor on a gland. the symptoms include softened and deformed bones because calcium is leached from them as well as kidney stones
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acromegaly
this condition leads to adults with enlarged extremities and unusual body proportions. It is caused by a surge in growth hormone after the growth plates in a individual have closed
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Cushing's syndrome
this condition is the result of hypersecretion of glutococorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include a lack of cartilage and bone formation and a depression of the inflammatory response and immune system
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Diabetis mellitus
this condition is the result of hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. Symptoms include a large output of urine, excessive thirst, and excessive hunger
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pituitary dwarfism
this condition results in a maximum height of 4 feet. It is caused by a lack of growth hormone.
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grave's disease
this condition is an autoimmune disorder. abnormal antibodies mimic thyroid stimulating hormone causing an elevated metabolic rate, swelling, rapid and irregular heart rate, weight loss, and protrusion of eyeballs
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Addison's disease
this condition is the result of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids . Symptoms include weight-loss, severe dehydration, darkening of the skin, and hypotension
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hyperinsulinism
this condition is the result of excessive insulin secretion. Results in very low blood sugar hypoglycemia, disorientation, and unconsciousness
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Metabolic syndrome
The name given to a set of conditions already present prior to a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Some conditions include intra-abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, high blood pressure and cholesterol
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ossicles
bones in the ear that transmit vibrations to the oval window
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tympanic membrane
fan shaped structure that vibrates in response to sound waves
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cochlea
portion of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing
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vestibule
portion of the inner ear that is responsible for static and linear equilibrium
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semicircular canals
portion of the inner ear that is responsible for our rotational equilibrium
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external acoustic meatus
structure that funnel sound waves into our ear
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conjunctiva
A mucous membrane that produces lubricating mucus so that the eyes do not dry out
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tarsal plates
structures that are made of connective tissue that internally support your eyelids
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eyelashes
structures that trigger reflex blinking
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palpebral fissure
eye lid slit
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eyebrows
shade the eye from sunlight
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cornea
clear structure that allows light into the eye
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lens
clear structure that allows light to focus on the retina
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optic nerve
structure that carries action potentials to the visual cortex of the brain
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vitreous humor
clear gel that maintains internal eye pressure and transmits light to the retina
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retina
The layer of the eyeball that contains your photo receptors rods and cones
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choroid
The layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the eye
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sclera
The layer of the eyeball that protects the eye and anchors eye muscles
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ciliary body
The structure that surrounds the lens and controls its shape
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pupil
The hole in the eye that allows light to enter
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myopia
focal point of image is in front of the retina, eyeball is too long, subject is nearsighted
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hyperopia
focal point would be behind the retina, eyeball is too short, subject is farsighted
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emmetropia
focal point falls on the retina, subject has normal vision
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Conjunctivitis
inflammation of mucus membrane that lines the eye
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macular degeneration
loss of Central vision when photo receptors die in the macula
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diabetic retinopathy
abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina as a result of high blood sugar
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cataracts
clouding of the lens that requires lens replacement by artificial lens
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retinal detachment
Retina separates as a result of trauma or diabetes
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nyctalopia
loss of rod function due to vitamin a deficiency or retinitis pigmentosa, subject has trouble seeing at night
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glaucoma
abnormally high intraocular pressure that compresses the retina and optic nerve
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retinitis pigmentosa
inherited disease that causes progressive deterioration of the rods, leads to blindness
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presbyopia
Lens accumulate crystal lens, loses elasticity, has a hard time accommodating for close vision
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diplopia
double vision
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astigmatism
Misshapen lens and or cornea that causes light rays to converge unevenly on the retina now
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growth hormone
promotes protein synthesis, protein metabolism, cell division and growth
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
stimulates the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid
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Prolactin
stimulates and sustains milk production
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parathyroid hormone
increases calcium levels in the blood
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cortisol
promote protein in fat breakdown in conversion into glucose in response to stress
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Calcitonin
lowers calcium levels in the blood
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epinephrine
increases heart rate and raises levels of sugar and fatty acids in the blood
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anti-diuretic hormone
causes the body to hold or retain water
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growth hormone
anterior pituitary
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calcitonin
thyroid
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Aldosterone
adrenal cortex
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epinephrine
adrenal medulla
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aortic valve
prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
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biscuspid (mitral) valve
prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium
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pulmonary valve
prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
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myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle
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malignant hypertension
sudden high blood pressure with diastolic numbers over 130 MM Hg