Unit 4 exam - comprehensive study guide

retina

the structure that houses the photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

optic nerve

the structure that carries the information generated in the retina to the brain for visual processing

vitreous humor

the clear substance found in the posterior segment of the eye that transmits light and maintains internal eye pressure

lens

the structure that is held in place by the ciliary zone and allows for precise focusing of the incoming light onto the retina

iris

the structure found between the cornea and the lens

sclera

also called the "whites" of the eye. A fibrous layer that helps shape and protect the eye ball

choroid

the layer of the eye the is pigmented and full of blood vessels. It helps absorb light in the eye so we don't have visual confusion

aqueous humor

provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea and carries away wastes

pupil

controls the amount of light the enters

macula

the structure responsible for our clear, color vision

vestibule

the central cavity of the inner ear that contains the utricle and saccule

pharyngotmpanic tube

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

tympanic membrane

separates the external ear from the middle ear

taste bud

gustatory cells are found in this structure

crista ampullaris

hair cells receptive to changes in dynamic equilibrium are found in this structure

maculae

hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure

olfactory epithelium

the receptors of smell are found in this structure

external acoustic meatus

structure that introduces sound waves into ear

diabetic retinopathy

a condition that results when high blood sugar leads to abnormal vessel growth in the retina, which can lead to the leakage of blood. This can lead to temporary or permanent blindness

conduction deafness

a condition that may result from ostosclerosis or the hardening of the ear bones

otitis media

an inflammation of the lining of the middle ear. common in children

glaucoma

a condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure and compress the optic nerve

macular degeneration

a condition where either pigments build up or blood leaks into the retina and prevents the fovea centralists from receiving light. symptoms include a large, fuzzy spot in the middle of the field of view

myopia

focal point is front of the retina; subject is nearsighted

diplopia

double vision

hyperopia

focal point would be behind the retina; subject is farsighted

nyctalopia

loss of rod function often due to vitamin A deficiency; subject has trouble seeing at night

emmetropia

focal point falls on the retina; subject has normal vision

posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

anterior pituitary gland

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone

thyroid gland

calcitonin

adrenal cortex

mineralocorticoids like aldosterone

adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

pituitary gland

stores hormones from hypothalamus and produces a number of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

adrenal medulla

the gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction

pancreas

produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the bdoy

parathyroid gland

produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue

thyroid gland

produces the body's major metabolic hormones

goiter

this condition is the result of hypo secretion of thyroid hormone and a lack of dietary iodine

hyperparathyroidism

this condition is the result of an overabundance of PTH, usually due to a tumor on a gland. the symptoms include softened and deformed bones because calcium is leached from them as well as kidney stones

acromegaly

this condition leads to adults with enlarged extremities and unusual body proportions. It is caused by a surge in growth hormone after the growth plates in a individual have closed

Cushing's syndrome

this condition is the result of hypersecretion of glutococorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include a lack of cartilage and bone formation and a depression of the inflammatory response and immune system

Diabetis mellitus

this condition is the result of hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. Symptoms include a large output of urine, excessive thirst, and excessive hunger

pituitary dwarfism

this condition results in a maximum height of 4 feet. It is caused by a lack of growth hormone.

grave's disease

this condition is an autoimmune disorder. abnormal antibodies mimic thyroid stimulating hormone causing an elevated metabolic rate, swelling, rapid and irregular heart rate, weight loss, and protrusion of eyeballs

Addison's disease

this condition is the result of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids . Symptoms include weight-loss, severe dehydration, darkening of the skin, and hypotension

hyperinsulinism

this condition is the result of excessive insulin secretion. Results in very low blood sugar hypoglycemia, disorientation, and unconsciousness

Metabolic syndrome

The name given to a set of conditions already present prior to a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Some conditions include intra-abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, high blood pressure and cholesterol

ossicles

bones in the ear that transmit vibrations to the oval window

tympanic membrane

fan shaped structure that vibrates in response to sound waves

cochlea

portion of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing

vestibule

portion of the inner ear that is responsible for static and linear equilibrium

semicircular canals

portion of the inner ear that is responsible for our rotational equilibrium

external acoustic meatus

structure that funnel sound waves into our ear

conjunctiva

A mucous membrane that produces lubricating mucus so that the eyes do not dry out

tarsal plates

structures that are made of connective tissue that internally support your eyelids

eyelashes

structures that trigger reflex blinking

palpebral fissure

eye lid slit

eyebrows

shade the eye from sunlight

cornea

clear structure that allows light into the eye

lens

clear structure that allows light to focus on the retina

optic nerve

structure that carries action potentials to the visual cortex of the brain

vitreous humor

clear gel that maintains internal eye pressure and transmits light to the retina

retina

The layer of the eyeball that contains your photo receptors rods and cones

choroid

The layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the eye

sclera

The layer of the eyeball that protects the eye and anchors eye muscles

ciliary body

The structure that surrounds the lens and controls its shape

pupil

The hole in the eye that allows light to enter

myopia

focal point of image is in front of the retina, eyeball is too long, subject is nearsighted

hyperopia

focal point would be behind the retina, eyeball is too short, subject is farsighted

emmetropia

focal point falls on the retina, subject has normal vision

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of mucus membrane that lines the eye

macular degeneration

loss of Central vision when photo receptors die in the macula

diabetic retinopathy

abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina as a result of high blood sugar

cataracts

clouding of the lens that requires lens replacement by artificial lens

retinal detachment

Retina separates as a result of trauma or diabetes

nyctalopia

loss of rod function due to vitamin a deficiency or retinitis pigmentosa, subject has trouble seeing at night

glaucoma

abnormally high intraocular pressure that compresses the retina and optic nerve

retinitis pigmentosa

inherited disease that causes progressive deterioration of the rods, leads to blindness

presbyopia

Lens accumulate crystal lens, loses elasticity, has a hard time accommodating for close vision

diplopia

double vision

astigmatism

Misshapen lens and or cornea that causes light rays to converge unevenly on the retina now

growth hormone

promotes protein synthesis, protein metabolism, cell division and growth

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid

Prolactin

stimulates and sustains milk production

parathyroid hormone

increases calcium levels in the blood

cortisol

promote protein in fat breakdown in conversion into glucose in response to stress

Calcitonin

lowers calcium levels in the blood

epinephrine

increases heart rate and raises levels of sugar and fatty acids in the blood

anti-diuretic hormone

causes the body to hold or retain water

growth hormone

anterior pituitary

calcitonin

thyroid

Aldosterone

adrenal cortex

epinephrine

adrenal medulla

aortic valve

prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle

biscuspid (mitral) valve

prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

pulmonary valve

prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium

myocarditis

inflammation of the heart muscle

malignant hypertension

sudden high blood pressure with diastolic numbers over 130 MM Hg