fieldwork

microscope

Instrument used to visualize very small objects (cells & microorganisms) giving a contrasting image that is magnified

body tube (head)

Cylindrical metallic tube that holds the eyepiece at one end and connects the nose piece on the other end

arm

connects the base to the head; supports the head

base

lowermost part that supports the entire structure and provides stability

eyepiece

located at the top; used to look at the specimen; 5X-30X magnification but most common are of 10X or 15X

diopter adjustment

Used to change focus on one eyepiece and correct any differences in vision between the viewer’s eyes

nose piece

movable circular structure that houses all the objective lenses; connected to the head and lies just above the stage

objective lenses

The lens closest to the specimen; 3-4 objective lenses of different magnifying powers: 4X, 10X, 40X, & 100X

adjustment knobs

control knobs used to focus on the microscope on the specimen

fine adjustment

smaller knob used to move the stage up/down very slowly; used to sharpen the image

coarse adjustment

used for focusing the image under low power magnification; larger knob used to move the stage up/down very rapidly

stage

where the specimen is placed for viewing

stage clip

holds the specimen in place

stage control knobs

used to move the stage mechanically

aperture

A hole in the microscope stage through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage

illuminator

light source of the microscope

condenser

lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen

diaphragm

iris; found under the stage that controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen

simple microscope

uses a single lens for magnification; single convex lens of a small focal length for magnification

compound microscope

uses visible light for illumination and multiple lenses system for magnification

phase contrast microscope

converts small phase shifts in light into differences in light intensity developing more contrast in images that can be easily detected by human eyes

fluorescence microscope

uses fluorescence or phosphorescence to generate an enlarged image of a specimen; modified light microscope; study living cells and cell organelles, identify specific proteins, antigens and immunoglobulin

transmission electron microscope

type of electron microscope; uses transmitted electrons to develop an enlarged image of a specimen

dark field microscope

type of light microscope; uses only the light scattered by the specimen for producing a bright image with a dark field around the specimen

plant cell

eukaryotic cells; Found in green plants; Photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae which means they have a membrane-bound nucleus

cell wall

Rigid outer cover; Major role of protecting the plant cell & giving it its shape; Covers the surface of the cell

middle lamella & primary cell wall

2 layers of a cell wall

middle lamella

acts as the strengthening layer between the primary walls of the neighboring cells

cytoskeleton

network of microtubules and filaments; maintaining the plant cell shape; giving the cell cytoplasm support and maintaining its structural organization; transportation of cellular molecules, cell division, and cell signaling activities

microfilaments

actin filaments; meshwork of fibers; thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton (7 nanometers); divides the cell cytoplasm

intermediate filaments

8-12 nanometers; lie between the actin filaments and microtubules; structural support

microtubules

hollow tubes of tubulins; diameter of 23nm; largest filament; transport materials within the cell; used in forming the plant cell, cell wall

plasma membrane

bilipid membrane; protein subunits and carbohydrates; surrounds the cell cytoplasm

plasmodesmata

microscopic channels that assist in communicating and transporting materials across plant cells

primary plasmodesmata

formed during cell division

secondary plasmodesmata

formed between mature plant cells

cytoplasm

a gel-like matrix lying just below the cell membrane, housing most of the cell organelles.

plastids

specialized organelles found specifically in plant and algal cells; have a double-layered membrane; involved in manufacturing food for the plant by photosynthesis; store food in the form of starch

vacuole

Used to adjust the size of the cell and to maintain the turgor pressure of the plant cells (preventing wilting and withering of plants)

mitochondria

Chondriosomes; the power generating organelles of a cell hence the powerhouse of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

a continuous network of folded membranous sacs housed in the cell cytosol

ribosomes

Responsible for protein synthesis of the cell.

golgi bodies

complex membrane-bound cell organelles

nucleus

information center of a cell; a specialized complex organelle whose primary function is to store the cell’s genetic information.

nucleolus

Sub-organelle in the cell nucleus, which lacks a membrane.

nuclear envelope

Made up of two membranes separated from each other by perinuclear space

nuclear pores

perforate the cell envelope and their function is to regulate the passage of cellular molecules

peroxisome

Highly dynamic tiny structures that have a single membrane containing enzymes responsible for the production of hydrogen peroxide.

corporate veterinary medicine

corporations that provide veterinary care, test human drugs for safety, or produce animal-related products.

private practice

this is where about 80% of veterinarians choose to work, providing health care for companion animals.

food supply medicine

inspect and test livestock and animal products for major animal diseases

veterinary consultants

Veterinarians often turn to consulting roles after spending a substantial amount of time in practice

veterinary research

has three primary areas of focus: (1) public health and food safety, (2) animal health and welfare, and (3) comparative medicine; often found in university settings

veterinary public health

monitor vaccine development or respond to various disease outbreaks, many of which are zoonotic

public policy

opt to work with the Philippine Veterinary Medical Association (PVMA) or other organizations to advance advocacy efforts at the federal and local levels.

regulatory medicine

involves protecting certain animals and the people who consume animal products by inspecting animals and facilities, engaging in disease surveillance, and enforcing humane treatment laws

military service

may treat soldiers’ pets, go on missions to combat diseases, develop vaccines, or care for government-owned animals.

academe

Tomorrow’s veterinarians and vet technicians need quality instructors—and DVMs have the education and expertise those teaching roles require.

zookeeper

oversees animal enclosures at a zoo

wildlife specialists

experts in animal behavior who conduct research and consult on subjects related to wildlife; study native species and migration patterns, work on wildlife restoration projects and give advice on land development to limit the impact on local wildlife.

marine biologist

identify injuries and illnesses in sea creatures, provide treatments, observe marine behaviors, design experiments and collect samples from oceans and wetlands.

veterinary microbiologist

often research disease-causing organisms, including how to identify them, how they spread and how to eliminate them

ecologist

study the environment, including how plants, animals and humans interact; how organisms behave in their habitat and environment, give advice on construction and land development, plan environmental protection initiatives and look for patterns in animal behavior or environment changes

Philippine Veterinary Medical Association (PVMA)

work for the welfare of the membership and the veterinary profession.

VPAP (affiliate)

Veterinary Practitioners Association of the Philippines

PCMVLP (affiliate)

Provincial, City And Municipal Veterinarians League of the Philippines

MVAP (affiliate)

Military Veterinary Association of The Philippines

AFAPPI (affiliate)

Association of Farm Animal Practitioners In The Philippines, Inc

CCAPA (affiliate)

Cebu Companion Animal Practitioners Association

PAHA (co org)

Philippine Animal Hospital Association

PVDA (co org)

Philippine Veterinary Drug Association

PALAS (co org)

Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science

PAVMES (co org)

Philippine Association of Veterinary Medicine Educators & Schools

5 main considerations in hospital design

1. space

2. environmental conditions

3. function

4. layout

5. safety and security

design of client area

1. reception

2. waiting area

3. consultation room

4. retail area

clinical areas

1. pharmacy

2. laboratory

3. prep room/nurse station

4. surgical area

5. imaging area

6. dog/cat kennels

veterinarian

recognized profession with regulating bodies that set codes of conduct and standards for veterinary medicine

veterinary nurses/technicians

supportive care of animals receiving treatment; works as a member of the veterinary team, providing expert nursing care for sick animals.

Kennel Boy/Animal Handlers

involves feeding the animals, cleaning their living and sleeping areas and other aspects of basic care

patient record

Important for consistency of care; Knowing your clients & their pet can grow your business; Email vaccine reminders, deworming treatment reminders, elderly pet check ups

consent forms

legal requirement; information for owner of risks and costs

stethoscope

Device that helps healthcare providers primarily to listen to the sounds generated internally by your heart, lungs, and intestinal tract

thermometer

measures temperature

opthalmoscope

Used to detect and evaluate symptoms of retinal detachment or eye diseases such as glaucoma

examination table

Used to support patients during medical examinations

veterinary weighing scale

device used to weigh the patient

IV pump

capable of delivering fluids in large or small amounts, and may be used to deliver nutrients or medications - such as insulin or other hormones, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and pain relievers

warming unit

Patient warming uses active warming devices and passive warming measures to maintain the patient normothermia; Includes providing heat to the patient before, during, or after procedures in the OR

ultrasound

One of the most common uses of ultrasounds during pregnancy, to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, but there are many other uses, including imaging the heart, blood vessel, eyes, thyroid, brain, breast, abdominal organs, skin and muscles

digital x-ray machines

Allows the doctor to examine inside a patient’s body; May be useful observe the extent of the damage done during an injury, including bone breaks and fractures

anesthetic machine

plays a key role in keeping a patient anesthetized

centrifuge machine

used to separate particles suspended in a liquid according to particle size and density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed

endoscopic instrument

Allows full color viewing of the esophagus, stomach, and the upper part of the small intestine or the colon

autoclave

steam sterilizers; uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores on items that are placed inside a pressure vessel

incubators

mainly used to keep warm and care for postoperative animals, infusion animals and newborn dogs and cats born by cesarean section.

refrigerators

Most vaccines need to be stored between 2 degrees celsius to 8 degrees celsius in a __

lighting

Surgical lights can provide hours of bright light without excessively heating the patient or staff; illuminates the operative site on a patient for optimal visualization during a procedure

refractometer

Is used to determine concentration of a particular substance within a given solution

fecal loop

Long narrow wand with a loop at the end is inserted into the rectum, if feces is present a sample will be obtained in the loop

hemoanalyzer/cbc machine

Instrument designed to automate and streamline the process of performing complete blood count tests.