Medieval Europe and Spanish Conquest Notes

Harold Godwinson of England

Defeated by William in the Battle of Hastings, 1066, was chosen to became King of England originally

Battle of Hastings Date

1066 October 14th

Religion in Medieval Europe

Main religions were Catholicism, Islam and Judaism

Deadly Sins

Greed, Gluttony, Envy, Pride, Sloth, Lust, Wrath

Crusades

There were 9 crusades and the motives were to take back Jerusalem, cleanse their sins, for the wealth and to spread catholicism

Discovery of the Americas

Historical event marking European arrival in the Americas in 1492

Aztec Religion

Beliefs and practices of the Aztec civilization

Aztec Social Structure

ruler, government +warriors, commoners, peasants and slaves

William, Duke of Normandy

Leader who defeated Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings, army was called the Normans, became King of England

Who won

William, Duke of Normandy was able to win by using a trick tactic of pretending to retreat in order to break the Anglosaxon shield formation despite Harold's commands to stay in place. Additionally, Harold had depleted his war resources fighting Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge and having to travel to Hastings to fight another battle

Catholicism

Dominating religion in medieval Europe

Heresy

Not believing in God, causes you to be outcasted by society and sometimes physically harmed

Doom paintings

Paintings whose motive s were to scare people into Catholicism by displaying images of "Hell"

Anglo-Saxons

Group converted to Christianity by Gregory I's monks, led by Harold Godwinson during the battle of Stamford Bridge and Hastings

Feudalism

Social system in medieval Europe, detailed social hierarchy, system in which land and protection was given by higher ranks in exchange for labour such as fighting and working

Norman Invasion

William's conquest of England in 1066 during the Battle of Hastings (I think)

Papal Governance

System where the pope oversees archbishops

Housecarls

Harold II's household troops in the Battle of Hastings, skilled fighters

Shield Wall Formation

Tactic used by Harold II's troops in battle to strengthen defense, one missing person could topple the entire formation

Gate Fulford

Location of Harald Hardrada's victory in England, 20th September 1066

Battle Abbey

Monastery built on the Battle of Hastings site

Persecution of Christians

Harassment faced by Christians in Roman times

Emperor Constantine

Roman Emperor who adopted Christianity

Dark Ages

Period after Roman Empire's fall, marked by instability

Catholic Church

Christian Church with universal authority

Excommunication

Church's act of excluding someone from communion

7 Deadly Sins

Envy, Greed, Lust, Sloth, Anger, Pride, Gluttony

Pope Urban II

Pope who initiated the First Crusade

Protestant Reformation

16th-century movement against Catholic practices

Martin Luther

Key figure in the Protestant Reformation

Holy Land

Region in the eastern Mediterranean of religious significance

Crusaders

Participants in the medieval Crusades

Cross

Symbol of the Crusades, representing faith

Christopher Columbus

Explorer credited with discovering the Americas in 1492

San Salvador

Island in the Bahamas where Columbus landed

Indigenous Populations

Native peoples of a region

Hispaniola

Island where Columbus established a settlement

Panama

Location Columbus visited on his final voyage

Indigenous Exploitation

Colonization triggered centuries of exploitation of Indigenous Peoples.

Aztec Calendars

Aztecs used a 260-day ritual calendar and a 365-day solar calendar.

Aztec Gods

hundreds of Gods

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec god of wisdom, corn, and the calendar, depicted as a feathered snake.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec god of war and the sun, often depicted as a snake who sacrifices were performed for

Tezcatlipoca

Aztec god of life and creator of the first sun, known for holding an obsidian mirror.

Xipe Totec

Aztec god of agriculture, depicted with flayed skin symbolizing the cycle of crops.

Aztec Sacrifices

Human sacrifices were vital in Aztec rituals to honor gods and maintain cosmic order.

Aztec Social Classes

Aztec society had eight classes including rulers, warriors, priests, slaves, and the middle class.

Spanish Colonialism

Spanish justified control by civilizing the New World through religion and culture imposition.

Encomienda System

Spanish settlers protected and educated Indians in exchange for land, labor, and tribute.

Hacienda System

Spanish aristocracy governed and spread Catholicism in the Americas in return for land grants.

Spanish Empire

By 1700, Spain covered New Spain, Peru, and the Caribbean through colonial control.

what is the floating city called

tenochtitlan

what are the aritifical islands called

chinampas

which city or empire did hernan Cortes not defeat

aztec empire

why would people go on the crusades

to do Gods work, to cleanse their sins, to travel, to defend the Byzantine Empire

who arrives at the north english coast in 1066

harald hardrada

who were the group of explorers that went to explore the americas

conquistadors

who were the two treasure seekers of the americas

cortes and pizarro

why did native americans worship the sun

it controlled all aspects of life, it helps with the crops