Archaic period Exam

Heroon

• Hero shrine (a place for worship)

• Heroon at Lefkandi, c. 900

• Long and narrow structure

• Two burial pits found inside one containing horses and the other containing a female and the cremated ashes of a man along with numerous other items like weapons and shields

Ionian migration

• Migration of people from the mainland of Greece to parts of Anatolia during the Archaic period

• Started settlements

• facilitated cultural exchange between the Greek settlers and the indigenous peoples of Anatolia

Oral composition or Tradition

Prothesis and Ekphora

• Famously depicted on the Dipylon Amphora, Athens (750 BCE)

• Prothesis (Laying out of the body)

• Ekphora (Ancient Greek procession formed to carry the body to its resting place)

Nestor’s Cup

• Cup found at Greek colonial site in Italy.

• Greek writing on the side identifies it as the cup from Homeric myth

• Earliest example of proper Greek writing. ca 750-700 bc

Agora

• a central public open space

• used for assemblies and markets

• facilitated economic transactions, social interactions, and political discussions.

entasis

• Swelling at the bottom of the column and tapering at the top

• a design technique used in classical architecture.

• Columns appear straight when viewed from a distance.

“Killed” sword

• Killing of artifacts refers to destroying artifacts and using them for burials

• sword that was destroyed and used as decoration

• Found at the grave of an Athenian male, c. 900 BCE

Kore, -ai

• Marble sculptures of young women

• used as votive, grave markers, and commemorative statues.

• Fully clothed grasping their skirt

Kouros, oi

• Marble sculptures of young men

• used as votive, grave markers, and commemorative statues.

• Nude symbolize ideals of youth, masculinity, and beauty, reflecting social status and wealth.

Phalanx

• A tightly-packed formation of hoplite soldiers.

• Soldiers were armed with spears and shields (hoplons), sometimes supplemented with swords.

• advanced as a cohesive unit, pushing forward collectively to break through enemy lines or hold a defensive position.

Polis

• Greek city state

• Each had its own government, laws, and institutions, governed by citizen participation in decision-making.

• Famous Greek city-states include Athens, Sparta, Corinth

tyranny

• absolute rule of an individual who holds unchecked power.

• Originally not seen as bad as some were good funding numerous public projects.

• Rebellion and revolt ending the reign of tyranny.

Exekias

• Famous Greek vase painter

• Used black figure

• Believed to have competed against the Amasis painter

• Famous works include Suicide of Ajax, Achilles killing Penthesilea 

Amasis Painter

• Famous Greek vase painter

• Believed to be in competition with Erekias

• Black figure

• Famous work includes Achilles and Ajax playing dice

Bilingual Vase

• One side black figure and the other side red figure

• Amphora

• C. 540-530 BCE

• Depicts transition

• Experimenting with red figure

helots

• inhabitants of Laconia and Messenia, conquered by the Spartans

• Considered state-owned serfs or slaves, helots were bound to the land they worked and obligated to provide a portion of their produce to Spartan citizens.

• Under supervision of the Spartan state and Sparta main agriculture labor force

Harmodius and Aristogiton

• Famous for killing Hippias brother

• honored with statues for taking down tyranny

• Sought to overthrow tyranny

Pisistratus

• Athenian, Tyrant

• implemented policies aimed at improving the lives of the poor, including land redistribution and public works projects.

• Attempted to gain power multiple times

Heraion

• Temples dedicated to Hera.

• Important religious center

• Found throughout Greece like at Olympia.

Siphnian Treasury

• Only building we know the true date of

• Located at the Sancturay of Apollo, Delphi

• 525 BCE

• Elaborate details

Marathon

• Battle between the Athenians and Persians

• 490, BCE

• Resulted in Athenian victory despite being outnumbered

• Became the pride of Athens

• Athenian Treasury

  
  

Persian Wars

• Fought between the Greeks and the Persians

• The Persian king crushed the revolt and tried to invade Greece to punish Athenas and Eretria

• A series of battles were fought between the Greeks and Persians in 480 and 479 resulting in Persian defeat

Kritios Boy

• Votive statue 

• 480, BCE

• Located on the Athenian Acropolis

• Anatomy fully modeled in subtle and naturalistic way

• Eyes inlaid with dark stones instead of white paste