osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a __________ from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

selectively permeable membrane

In diffusion, molecules move from an area of __________ concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

higher

Active transport requires __________ to move molecules across their membrane against their concentration gradient.

energy (ATP)

A __________ membrane allows certain molecules to pass through while blocking others.

partially penetrable

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas is called a __________ gradient.

concentration

In the potato osmosis experiment, the change in __________ is measured before and after immersion in various concentrations of salt or sugar solutions.

mass

When Elodea leaves are placed in saltwater, changes in turgor pressure and cell structure are observed due to __________.

osmosis

The __________ of diffusion can be affected by factors such as surface area, temperature, pressure, and concentration gradient.

rate

Root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil using __________ transport, against their concentration gradient.

active

The energy used for active transport in root hair cells is typically supplied by __________.

ATP