Human Anatomy (Exam 1)- Overview of Systemic Anatomy

How should you approach human anatomy?

Regions

Anatomic Position

Body upright, arms to side, w/ eyes forward, palms of hands and feet directed forward

sagittal plane

situated parallel to sagittal suture divides body into right and left sides

What directional terms are associated with sagittal plane?

Lateral and Medial

Transverse plane

horizontal plane, divides body into top and bottom

What directional terms are associated with transverse plane?

Superior and Inferior

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into front and back

What directional terms are associated with coronal plane?

Anterior and posterior

axis

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates.

longitudinal axis

passes through the body in the craniocaudal

transverse axis

passes through the body side to side

Sagittal axis

passes front to back in antiposterior direction

lateral

away from midline

medial

toward midline

posterior

toward the back

anterior

toward the front

dorsal

back of hand/ top of foot

palmar

palm of hand

plantar

sole of foot

tibial

pertaining to tibia or the medial side of foot

fibular

pertaining to the fibula to the lateral side of the foot

distal

away from the trunk or away from the point of origin

proximal

close to trunk or close to point of origin

ulnar

pertaining to ulna or medial side of forearm

radial

pertaining to radius or lateral side of forearm

caudal

pertaining to or located toward the tail

cranial

pertaining to or located toward the head

superior

upper/ above

inferior

lower/ below

apical

top/ apex

basal

bottom/ base

external

outer/ lateral

internal

inner/ medial

left and right

think in terms of anatomical position

horizontal

parallel to the plane of the horizon

vertical

perpendicular to the line of the horizon

axial

pertaining to the axis of the structure

transverse

situated at right angles to the long axis of the structure

longitudinal

parallel to the long axis of the structure

peripheral

situated away from the center

superficial

situated near the surface

deep

situated deep beneath the surface

surface anatomy

palpable structures and visible markings that reveal the location of structures underneath

reference lines

vertical or transverse planes that connect structures or markings

fascia

discernible connective tissue layer surrounding things to create bundles that enclose compartments

viscera

inner/ internal organs

somatic innervation

carries signals to and from the skin, muscles, bones, and joints. (voluntary)

visceral innervation

carries signals to and from internal organs (involuntary)

the skeleton

essential to make muscles move, stop nutrients (calcium), and make blood cells

axial skeleton

consists of skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, and sternum

appendicular

clavicle, scapula of the pectoral girdle, the coxal bone of pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs

what are the layers of the connective tissue?

periosteum, compact (cortical) bones, cancellous (trabecular/spongy) bone, and there medullary cavity

periosteum

the thin layer of connective tissue coating the outer surface of the bone ( it provides the bone with nutrients)

compact (cortical) bone

superficial layer of dense bones

cancellous (spongy) bone

the layer of bone that is less dense, contains blood vessels and nerves

medullary cavity

found in some areas of bones, contains yellow (fatty) or red (blood cell or platelet forming) bone marrow

what is the embryonic connective tissue that bones develop from

mesenchyme

apophyses

bony outgrowths that lack their own growth center, serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

What are specific apophyses referred to as

condyles, tubercles, spines, crests, trochanters, and processes

osteon

basic functional unit of the compact bone that has a blood supply

osteoblast

bone forming

osteocyte

maintain and upkeep bone

ligaments

connect bone to bone

fibrous joint (syndesmosis)

united by fibrous that allow minimal movement (ex. interosseous membrane of forearm and the sutures of the skull)

cartilaginous joints

united by fibrocartilaginous segments (such as costal cartilages of the ribs or intervertebral disks) or by articular cartilage often found in temporary joints (those in the ilium, ischium, and pubis of the hip bone) and they allow some movement

synovial joints

the most common kind of joint that allows free movement. Has several layers

Joint cavity

a space enclosed by fibrous joint capsule and lined with synovial membrane that secrets a thin. film of lubricating synovial fluid (present in most synovial joints)

tendon

dense fibrous bands that connect muscles to boney attachments

muscle belly

the thickest part of the muscle that contains majority of its mass

intermediate tendon

a tendon that connects two separate muscle bellies (rather then the more commonly occurring arrangement where a single muscle belly is attached to a bone by a tendon at each end)

aponeuroses

tendons that form flat sheets which attach the muscle to the skeleton, other muscles, or organs.

What are the three types of muscle?

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

cardiac muscle

make sup the thick muscular layer (myocardium) of the heart, striated(involuntary)

smooth muscle

found w/in walls of blood vessels and hollow organs and is not striated (involuntary)

skeletal muscle

most common type of muscle, that move an support the skeleton. They are multinucleate, striated, and voluntary

the length of a muscle is

the length of a single cell

Muscles can only

shorten or contract (pull not push)

muscles can resist being stretched by

contracting

arteries

contains oxygenated blood flowing away from the heart, has thick muscular walls that are more visceral and there is higher pressure

veins

carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart, has thinner walls and valves to prevent back flow.

What is in blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma, and platelets

pulmonary circulation

carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart to the lungs and oxygen rich blood from the lungs back to left side of the heart

systemic circulation

distributes oxygen rich blood from the left side of the heart to body tissues through the systemic arteries (aorta and branches) and oxygen poor blood returns through systemic veins (superior/inferior vena cava and branches)

portal circulation

route w/in systemic circulation that diverts blood to a second capillary network before returning to systemic veins. Th portal system is the largest these and it diverts the blood in the gastrointestinal tract to the capillaries in the liver to be filtered before retiring to the systemic veins.

anastomosis

communication between blood vessels allows blood to bypass its normal route and flow through an alternate or collateral route

collateral circulation

multiple paths to get from point A to point B in the body

lymph

parallel to circulatory system, transport fats, dead bacteria, and dead cells (has larger channel storage fit these things) eventually drains into the heart

Nervous system

how signals are sent out and sensation on the world in received

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

spinal nerves and cranial nerves, peripheral nerves transmit info between the CNS and the target organs

somatic nervous system

control voluntary functions such as contraction of skeletal muscles

autonomic (visceral) nervous system

controls involuntary functions such as gland secretion

nerve cell/ neurons

units of nervous system that conduct nerve impulses

spinal cord

consists of 8 cervicle, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral nerves that exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral formina

cauda equina

since the vertebral column in longer the the spinal cord the spinal cord has to fan out to reach exit points

intercostal nerves

nerves of the thoracic spinal cord that arise from the anterior rami and run in the spaces between ribs to intervene the body wall

anterior (ventral) horn

contain motor neurons

posterior (dorsal) horns

contain sensory neurons

dorsal ramus

function to intervene the back, provide for deep back muscles

ventral ramus

form peripheral nerves and plexuses that supply everywhere else