Ch. 39- 3D and 4D Imaging in OBGyn

Display algorithm for viewing more than one plane simultaneously, frequently sagittal, transverse, and coronal plenes that are 90 degrees to each other, also known as sectional planes or orthogonally planes

multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

Small unit of a 3D volume, consisting of a length, width, and depth

voxel

Imaging technology involving the anatomic or manual acquisition and display of a series of 2D images

3D ultrasound

Rotates the MPR or volume rendering horizontally; the letter “x” flipping over top to bottom, repeatedly

X-axis

Rotates the MPR or volume rendering vertically, spinning right to left in a circular pattern on its stem

Y-axis

The MPR placed 90 degrees to acquisition plane; synonymous to the Y-plane; shows the volume acquisition angle

B-plane

Collection of acquired 2D images

3D volume or volume data set

The smallest unit of a 2D image, has a height and length

pixel

Planes that are always at right angles (90degrees) to each other; typically sagittal, transverse, and coronal

orthogonal planes

Rolls the MPR or volume rendering clockwise or counterclockwise; rotates around a central point (i.e. car or bicycle wheel, analog clock)

Z-axis

Point where all three orthogonal planes intersect within the volume; depicts the same anatomic point in three orthogonal planes; also called the marker dot

reference dot

Standard file format for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in any form of medical imaging (i.e. radiology, pathology, laboratory, etc)

digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM)

Area of data acquisition for the 3D/ 4D volume

region of interest (ROI)

Determines whether the voxels will be more or less see-through

transparency

3D rendering mode that displays the surface or skin of the body without displaying the underlying anatomy

surface rendering

Technique used to acquire and display a volume data set of the fetal heart; the volume displays as a 4D cinema sequence of the fetal heart

spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC)

Filter used to eliminate low-level echoes

threshold

Display format in which the data are viewed as a series of parallael tomographic images similar to the display methods traditionally used in computed tomography and MRI

tomographic ultrasound imaging (aka multi slice)

Relating to distance or position

spatial

Defines information contained within the volume rendering

volume of interest (aka render box)

Continuously updated display of volume information, also known as real-time 3D US and live 3D US

4D imaging

Coronal plane 90 degrees to the A-plane and transmit beam; 2D imaging does no tallow imaging on this reconstructed; synonymous to the Z-plane

C-plane

The median cleft between the nose and upper lip

philtrum

An adjustable line indicating the plane depth of a structure that we manually select to view desired anatomy; the graphic indicating the direction we view the MPR of volume rendering

look line

Method to remove echoes from fluid-filled structures rending them black on the MPR

minimum mode

The distance the transducer moves during acquisition

sweep

Relating to time

temporal

The acquisition plane of the multiplanar reconstruction display (MPR); synonymous to the X-plane

A-plane

Reduction or elimination of weak, soft tissue echoes to highlight bony stuctures

maximum

Term used to describe both 3D and 4D imaging

volume ultrasound

The plane for the acquired data set, usually the A-plane MPR

acquisition plane

3D/ 4D imaging uses reconstruction abilities similar to:

• nuclear medicine

• angiography

• computed tomography

• digital mammography

computed tomography

Pixel is defined as:

• picture element

• cube acquisition

• data set

• planes Y and Z

picture element

2D transducers require _____________ acquisition to produce 3D images.

• automated

• concentric

• freehand

• annual

freehand

The ability to “see through” the voxel depends on the:

• resolution setting

• gain setting

• mode setting

• transparency setting

transparency setting

Evaluation of hypoehoic structures is enhanced with the adjustment of the:

• maximum and skeletal modes

• minimum and inversion modes

• surface-rendering mode

• X, Y, and Z planes

minimum and inversion modes

Anomalies of the fetal heart are best detected using ___________ technology.

• VOCAL

• scalpel

• glass body

• STIC

STIC

All of the following are clinical applications for 3D/4D gynecologic US except:

• congenital uterine anomalies

• fetal lip characteristics

• IUD location

• infertility evaluation

fetal lip characteristics

Select the view required to display diagnostic fetal heart images utilizing STIC technology.

• coronal AP heart

• decubitus heart displaying LVOT

• apical four chamber

• PA four chamber

apical four chamber

Uterine volume imaging displays all except:

• ensure device

• IUD arm position

• bicornuate IUD

• urinary incontinence

urinary incontinence

What is not a common clinical application for a 3D/4D obstetric imaging?

• nasal bone interrogation

• STIC

• adnexal assessment

• extremity evaluation

adnexal assessment

Limitations of 3D/4D imaging are all except:

• poor 2D acquisition reveals subpar 3D imaging

• surface rendering ability

• fetal movement

• low amniotic fluid

surface rendering ability

A reference dot is:

• also known as a look dot

• the point where two planes intersect within the volume

• measured by distance or position

• the point where three orthogonal planes intersect within the volume

the point where three orthogonal planes intersect within the volume

In 3D imaging, a filter used to eliminate low-level echoes is called:

• threshold

• scalpel

• transparency

• minimum

threshold

The 3D mode that views hypoechoic structures and displays them as a solid structure or creates a digital cast of the object is:

• render mode

• texture mode

• inversion mode

• light mode

inversion mode

The rendering mode glass body, or transparency is used with:

• basic slicing

• color Doppler

• casting

• orthogonal plane manipulation

color Doppler

Planes that are positioned 90 degrees to each other in 3D imaging are called:

• reference planes

• multiplanes

• orthogonal planes

• tomographic planes

orthogonal planes

The rendering mode useful for evaluating the spine, extremities, and cranial sutures is:

• medium mode

• minimum mode

• skeletal mode

• multiplanar

skeletal mode

The smallest unit of a 3D data set is:

• picture element

• voxel

• sensor

• X plane

voxel

Distortion of anatomy can be caused by:

• reference dot position

• shadowing

• narrow fan sweeps

• movement of anatomy

movement of anatomy

The central dot seen in the MPR views shows the intersection of the planes and the _______ location.

• pivot

• volume orientation

• surface rendering

• sweep

pivot

The term used to describe both 3D and 4D imaging is _________ imaging.

volume

_____ ultrasound provides anatomical views that are difficult or even impossible to obtain with 2D ultrasound.

3D

When a sagittal uterus is imaged with 3D, the B-plane displays a ______________ uterus and the C-plane image displays a ____________ uterus.

transverse; coronal

The ______ box determines the amount of information displayed in the A and B planes, whereas the determination of the amount of information in the C-plane is through the size of the __________ angle.

ROI; volume

_______________ transducers obtain conventional 2D images as well as 3D images.

Mechanical

A real-time volume acquisition of the fetal heart is performed with ________________ __________ correlation.

spatiotemporal image

The _______ plane, adjustable before or after the acquisition, removes data between the line graphic and the transducer, allowing for editing of the volume.

cut

3D rendering mode that displays the surface or skin of the body without displaying the underlying anatomy is ___________ _____________.

surface rendering

A ____________ image of anatomy cannot be obtained with conventional 2D imaging.

coronal

Planes that are always at right angles (90 angles) to each other; typical sagittal, transverse, and coronal are known are _______________ planes.

orthogonal

Conventional 2D imaging does not display a ___________ view.

coronal

Tomographic US imaging is also known as _____________ imaging.

multislice

Pelvic floor imaging that includes both grayscale and volume images requires the use of a ____ _____ ______________.

3D EV transducer

3D is referred to as static imaging whereas 4D is called ________ or ______ _______ ____ imaging.

live OR real time 3D

The internal ___________ in 3D/4D transducers provide spatial information, allowing for precise volume reconstruction.

sensors

Acquisition __________, a use-controlled parameter, changes the quality of the resulting data set.

speed

Evaluation of bony structures is best with maximum, skeletal, or ________ mode, whereas surface rendering mode brings out the ________ line.

x-ray; skin

______ _______, used in conjuntion with color Doppler modes, highlights vascular anatomy by increasing the transparency of the overlying tissue.

Glass body

___________ volume acquisition techniques allow the use of conventional 2D transducers. In this method, examiners manually sweep or move the transducer through the area of interest.

Freehand

Regarding 4D ultrasound, the __________ the volume rate, the closer to real time the images appear.

higher

What is the most common display format?

multiplanar reconstruction

In the A plane, where should the reference dot be placed?

in the center of the endometrium