Chapter 14: Colonization

Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean

served as a crossroads for commercial and cultural exchange between China, India, Japan,the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, facilitating trade and interaction among these regions.

The Mongol emperors opened the doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans like Marco Polo to engage in business and trade with China.

How did the Mongol emperors influence European trade with China?

Admiral Zheng He

led seven major voyages from 1405 to 1433, involving hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men, significantly expanding China's maritime influence.

China's withdrawal from external trade due to the need to defend against Mongol encroachment created opportunities for Europeans to establish themselves as key players in global trade.

Explain the impact of China's shift away from external trade on European exploration.

India

this country was a crucial link in trade networks, contributing valuable goods such as spices and cotton textiles, which were in high demand globally.

1453 Ottoman Empire capture of Constantinople

Event that stopped European access to the silk road by land, forcing them to find a sea route.

Venice, Genoa

____ specialized in luxury goods and established trade relations with Mamluk Egypt, while _____ shifted focus from trade to finance, aiding Spanish colonization in exchange for profit shares.

Gold, God, and Glory

European motives for exploration and colonization

Prince Henry the Navigator

This explorer of Portugal was particularly enthusiastic in his financial support for expeditions, sponsoring annual voyages down the western coast of Africa.

Competition among European monarchs encouraged a steady stream of expeditions as nations sought to expand their territories and influence.

How did competition among European monarchs influence exploration in the late fifteenth century?

Caravel

a small, light, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese, significant for its ability to hold much cargo and withstand rough Atlantic winds.

astrolabe

maritime device that allowed sailors to determine their latitude

Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, Vasco de Gama

_______funded voyages around the northwest coast of Africa, ______ finished sailing around the entirety of west Africa, and ______sailed all around Africa to India.

Vasco de Gama

made it around the cape of good hope in Africa in 1494, landed near India, creating a complete water route to the Indial silk and spice trade for Portugal. He helped take control of port cities through cannon bombardment and diplomacy.

Christopher Columbus

embodied a Genoese ambition to circumvent Venetian domination of eastward trade by seeking a westward passage to the Indies, believed he had found small islands off the east coast of Japan when he landed in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador.

Columbus 1st journey

1492

Amerigo Vespucci

realized that the 'New World' was a separate continent from Asia based on Marco Polo’s differing descriptions of Asia. This contributed to the understanding of the geography of the Americas, and started the rush to the Americas as an untapped “goldmine” for European nations.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain everything to the west and Portugal everything to the east.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

In 1500, _______landed on the coast of Brazil and claimed it as Portuguese territory, benefiting from the division established by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Ferdinand Magellan

His voyage around south america (circumnavigation of the world) revolutionized Europeans' understanding by demonstrating that the Earth was much larger than previously believed, altering perceptions of global geography.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who found the st. Lawrence river and tried to use it to find a northwest passage to China.His exploration failed, but in Montreal it initiated a lucrative trade in beaver and other furs for the French.

Hernando Cortes

exploited internal dissension within the Aztec Empire’s smaller nations after founding Vera Cruz, which allowed him to make the empire collapse from the inside out through an allied rebellion

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish explorer who ambushed the Incas in 1532, captured their ruler Atahualpa, collected a ransom in gold, and executed him, leading to the downfall of the Inca Empire.

Roanoke

Failed virginia colony in 1585

Jamestown

Founded in 1607, was the first successful English colony in America, known for producing tobacco, which became a valuable commodity in Europe.

Plymouth Massachussetts

Puritans seeking to flee the Catholic church fled to the new world and established this colony in 1620.

Samuel de Champlain

founded first permanent french settlement in Quebec

Portugal, Spain, England, France, Dutch(Netherlands)

What was the european order of colonization from first to last?

La Salle

french explorer who travelled the mississippi river and opened the way for french occupation of the Louisiana territory

Seven Years' War (1756–1763)

French ambitions led to competition with the English, culminating in the ______ resulting in France losing Canada and Louisiana but retaining profitable colonies in the West Indies.

King Charles III, intendants

_______ introduced the system of _____, who were royal officials with broad military, administrative, and financial authority, responsible directly to the monarchy in Madrid rather than the viceroy.

Encomienda system

The _______ allowed conquerors to employ Native Americans as laborers or demand tribute in exchange for food and shelter, effectively creating a legalized form of slavery. Conquistadores were also required to convert natives to catholicism as part of their obligation to the crown.

smallpox, typhus, influenza, and syphilis

ravaged the populations of indigenous people in the new world

Jesuits

missionaries who converted indigenous people to Christianity, taught European agricultural methods, and instilled loyalty to colonial authorities.

Colonial administrators imported African slaves to replace the declining native labor force due to high death rates from disease and overwork. A racial class system was established where Spanish>mestizo (Caucasian/native mix)> mulattoe(Caucasian/African mix) > african slaves > native americans

How did colonial administrators address the high death rate among native laborers?

European women and children

In colonies where ______ accompanied men, such as in the British colonies and Spanish mainland, new settlements adopted European languages, religion, and ways of life. When they were not present, local populations tended to retain their own culture.

Columbian Exchange

refers to the complex process of migration that led to the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the New World and the Old World. Old world received: potatoes, tobacco, chocolate. New World received: horse, cattle, and pigs from the Europeans.

Sugar, Slavery, Spices

____, _____, and _____ were what continued competitive colonization in the new world. The demand for these goods Europeans to force native islanders and enslaved Africans to perform the labor-intensive work required for production.

Portugal

first country to bring back enslaved Africans to the homeland as cargo

Silver, inflation

The discovery of ____ at Potosí became a major source of wealth for Spain, with millions of pounds of this transported to Spain between 1503 and 1650. This led to high _____, eventually collapsing the conomy of spain

Dutch West India Company

Founded in 1621, the _______ sought to open trade with the Americas and capture Spanish territories, while also participating in the transatlantic slave trade.This group was also the principal operator of the slave trade starting in the 1640s.

European Exploration impact on Global Trade

European exploration linked the entire world for the first time through seaborne trade, facilitating the exchange of goods and resources across continents.

Africans

Most Europeans viewed _____ as pagan heathens or Muslim infidels, categorizing them in despised groups. Aristotle argued Black skin was equated to darkness and evil in the bible, reinforcing the conception that _____ were destined to serve as slaves.

Jews, Muslims, and peasants

These groups were subject to dehumanizing attitudes, reflecting a broader societal tendency to view certain peoples as inferior.

Skepticism

school of thought that says total certainty or definitive knowledge is not attainable. In the context of this time period, it is due to revelations in the larger scope of the unexplored world and new discoveries.

Cultural relativism

suggests that one culture is not necessarily superior to another, but rather just different.

Michel de Montaigne

developed the essay as a new literary genre to express his thoughts grounded in skepticism and cultural relativism.

Shakespeare

english writer who romanticized the English language, wrote about societal criticism of black intolerance in his work “Othello”, and expanded vernacular literature. Known as the king of literature in t