History of Architecture

Exam 1

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Modernism

Description

• A response to industrialization, new materials, and social change

• Emphasized function, honesty of materials, and rationality

Examples/Related Content

• Bauhaus

• Le Corbusier

• Louis Sullivan

• Frank Lloyd Wright

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• New Materials

Description

• Steel, iron, glass, and reinforced concrete changed architectural possibilities

Examples/Related Context

• AEG Turbine Factory

• Fagus Factory

• Maison Domino

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• New Building Types

Description

• Factories, departments stores, office buildings, mass housing emerged with modern society

Examples/Related Content

• Larkin Building

• Ford Factory

• Bauhaus Housing

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• The Machine Aesthetic

Description

• Designing buildings or objects to look clean, functional, and modern—like a well-made machine

Examples/Related Content

• Le Corbusier

• Frank Lloyd Wright

• Peter Behrens

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Nature vs. Modernity

Description

• Balance between organic design and industrial progress

Examples/Related Content

• Louis Sullivan

• Frank Lloyd Wright’s early works

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Education & Design Thinking

Description

• new models for teaching design

Examples/Related Content

• Bauhaus pedagogy

• Werkbund

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Domestic Reform

Description

• Efficiency and hygiene in home life; rational kitchens, housing estates, aimed to make homes healthier, more comfortable, and more efficient

Examples/Related Content

• Frankfurt Kitchen

• Torten Estate

• Haus am Horn

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Women in Modernism

Description

• Expanding roles of female designers

Examples/Related Content

• Charlotte Perriand

• Lilly Reich

Description and Contextual Factors for:

• Total Design

Description

• Integration of architecture, furniture, graphics, and crafts into a unified vision

Examples/Related Content

• Glasgow School of Art

• Vienna Secession

• Bauhaus

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Columbian Exposition, Master Plan

• Architect: Daniel Burnham

• Date: 1892

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: emphasized order and grandeur, but criticized for being anti-modern by later architects

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Transportation Building, World’s Columbian Exposition

• Architect: Louis Sullivan

• Date: 1892-1893

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: embodied organic ornament and modern spirit, only colorful building at the Expo

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: City Beautiful Movement

• Architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead and Charles Mulford Robinson

• Date: 1893

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: set stage for modern urban planning debates, urban reform emphasizing beauty, civic virtue, and monumental order

Willlam Morris

• Name

• Architect

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: William Morris

• Architect: Theorist

• Significance: believed that machines should serve people, not replace craftsmanship or beauty, true design should come from handcrafted work , creativity, and honesty in materials

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Marble House

• Architect: Richard Morris Hunt

• Date: 1892

• Location: Newport, Rhode Island

• Significance: contrast to later modern simplicity, example of American Gilded Age opulence

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Bedford Park

• Architect: Richard Norman Shaw

• Date: 1875

• Location: London, England

• Significance: ideal community, early suburban planning

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: C.F.A. The Voysey House, The Orchards

• Architect: Voysey

• Date: 1900

• Location: Chorleywood, England

• Significance: precursor to modern domesticity, simplified, functional domestic design

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Peacock Room

• Architect: James McNeel Whistler

• Date: 1876-1877

• Location: London, England

• Significance- unified interior design as art

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Craigside

• Architect: Richard Norman Shaw

• Date: 1863

• Location: Northumberland, U.K.

• Significance: early use of electricity and technology in domestic architecture

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Glasgow School of Art

• Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh

• Date: 1897-1909

• Location: Glasgow, Scotland

• Significance: integration of structure, furniture, and ornament

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Willow Tea Room

• Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret Mackintosh

• Date: 1903

• Location: Glasgow, Scotland

• Significance: whimsical geometry, holistic design

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Hill House

• Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh

• Date: 1902-1904

• Location: Helensburgh, Scotland

• Significance: blended Arts and Crafts with proto-modern simplicity

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Wainwright Building

• Architect: Louis Sullivan

• Date: 1890-1891

• Location: St. Louis, MO

• Significance: prototype of modern skyscraper; form follows function

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Chicago Auditorium Building

• Architect: Louis Sullivan

• Date: 1887-1889

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: multi-use, symbolic of civic pride

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Charnley-Perksy House

• Architect: Louis Sullivan with Frank Lloyd Wright

• Date: 1891-1892

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: transition from Sullivan’s ornament to Wright’s abstraction

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Sullivan’s Cottage

• Architect: Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright took credit

• Date: 1890s

• Location: Ocean Springs, Mississippi

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Larkin Administration

• Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright

• Date: 1904-1906

• Location: Buffalo, NY

• Significance: early open-plan office; integration of air, light, structure, “The Art and Craft of the Machine”

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Gamble House

• Architect: Greene and Greene

• Date: 1908-1909

• Location: Pasadena, CA

• Significance: Arts and Crafts ideal — organic unity, craftsmanship

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Behren’s House

• Architect: Peter Behrens

• Date: 1901

• Location: Darmstadt, Germany

• Significance: early total design

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: AEG Turbine Factory

• Architect: Peter Behrens

• Date: 1908

• Location: Berlin, Germany

• Significance: monumental industrial classicism 

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Fagus Shoe Factory

• Architect: Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer

• Date: 1911

• Location: Alfeld, Germany

• Significance: curtain wall, transparency, functional honesty

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Ford Factory

• Architect: Albert Kahn

• Date: 1909

• Location: Highland Park, Michigan

• Significance: assembly-line architecture; mass production principles

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Werkbund Exhibition (Model Factory, Glass Pavilion, Werkbund Theater, Austrian Building)

• Architect: Model Factory-Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer, Glass Pavilion- Bruno Taut, Werkbund Theater- Henry Van de Velde, Austrian Building- Josef Hoffman

• Date: 1914

• Location: Cologne, Germany

• Significance: debate on art vs. industry; defined direction of modern design

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Bauhaus

• Architect: Walter Gropius

• Date: 1926

• Location: Dessau, Germany

• Significance: school of modern design; functional zoning, glass facade

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Master’ Houses (Bauhaus, Klee-Kandinsky Houses, Hoholy-Nagy House)

• Architect: Walter Gropius, Maholy-Nagy, Klee, Kandinsky

• Date: 1925

• Location: Dessau, Germany

• Significance: experimentation in modular domestic design

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Haus am Horn (Bauhaus Experimental House)

• Architect: Georg Muche

• Date: 1923

• Location: Weimar, Germany

• Significance: prototype of efficient modern home

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Torten Housing Estate

• Architect: Walter Gropius

• Date: 1926-1928

• Location: Heidestrasse, Dessau

• Significance: standardized housing

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Dammerstock Housing Estate

• Architect: Georg Muche

• Date: 1929

• Location: Karlsruhe

• Significance- rational urban planning

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Frankfurt Kitchen

• Architect: Margarete Schutte-Lihotzky

• Date: 1926

• Location: Frankfurt, Germany

• Significance: first ergonomic, mass-produced kitchen

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Bar Sous le Toit

• Architect: Charlotte Perriand

• Date: 1927

• Location: Paris, France

• Significance: female modernists redefining public and private spaces

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Maison Domino

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1911

• Location:

• Significance: concrete frame system enabling free plan and facade

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Maison Citrohan

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1927

• Location: Paris, France

• Significance: prototype “machine a habiter”

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Cite Industrielle 

• Architect: Tony Garnier

• Date:1904-1917

• Location:

• Significance: implements 5 points of architecture in a city, Utopian city—zoning and function

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Cite Contemporaine

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1922

• Location: France

• Significance: Le Corbusier’s modern city with skyscrapers in parks

5 Points of Architecture

1. Pilotis

2. Free Plan

3. Rooftop Garden

4. Free Facade

5. Ribbon Windows

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Pavilion d’Esprit Nouveau

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1925

• Location: Paris, France

• Significance: embodied 5 points of architecutre

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Houses 14 and 15 Weissenhof Seidlung Exhibition

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1927

• Location: Stuttgart

• Significance: Stuttgart housing exhibition; applied 5 points of architecture

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Villa Savoye

• Architect: Le Corbusier

• Date: 1929-1930

• Location: Poissy, France

• Significance: ultimate expression of modernism: lightness, purity, rationality

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Tugendhat House

• Architect: Lilly Reich and L. Lies van der Rohe

• Date: 1929-1930

• Location: Brno, Czech Republic

• Significance- exemplifies modernist design through its open plan, innovative use of steel and glass, and seamless connection between interior and exterior space

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Velvet and Silk Cafe

• Architect: Lilly Reich and L. Mies van der Rohe

• Date: 1927

• Location: Berlin, Germany

• Significance: was used to highlight modern materials and create a fluid, elegant space that merged fashion and architecture

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Maison Bresil

• Architect: Le Corbusier and Lucio Costa

• Date: 1959

• Location: Paris, France

• Significance: represents Le Corbusier’s application of modernist housing principles to collective living, combining modular design with functional communal spaces

5 points of Frank Lloyd Wright’s 1901 discourse “Art and Craft of the Machine”

1. integration of art and technology

2. craftsmanship of the machine

3. American identity: modern tech and unique context

4. Machines can produce beauty (form and function)

5. Critique of excess

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Ann Halsted House

• Architect: Louis Sullivan Adler

• Date: 1884-1885

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: marks an early collaboration between Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, showing the transition from ornate Victorian design toward the simplified forms of modern architecture

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Postal Savings Bank Building

• Architect: Otto Wagner

• Date: 1904-1912

• Location: Vienna, Austria

• Significance: used modern materials like glass and aluminum to express structural clarity and functional honesty, signaling a break from historicism

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Vienna Secession Building

• Architect: Josef Olbrich

• Date: 1898-1899

• Location: Vienna, Austria

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Columbian Exposition; Women’s Building

• Architect: Sophia Hayden

• Date: 1892

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: dedicated to showcasing women’s achievements

• Name

• Architect

• Date

• Location

• Significance- why it matters to modernism

• Name: Columbian Exposition; Buildings of the Midway

• Architect: Various Designers

• Date: 1892

• Location: Chicago, IL

• Significance: introduced visitors to new cultures, technologies, and forms of entertainment