6.2 - Urban structure and change

how can physical factors create land use patterns - with EXAMPLE

informal housing in zones of disamenity (Rio - favelas built on hillsides, risk of landslide)

formal, expensive housing on flat land

EXAMPLE - horizontal structure city - REASONS

Hong Kong

• little land available

• land costs rise

• must build up to support population increase

EXAMPLE - urban sprawl affected city - horizontal structure - REASONS

Los Angeles

• less planning permission requirements

• car dominant

2 social land use patterns w/ explanation - EXAMPLES

UK

• migrant population concentrated in cheaper inner city

• establishment of community and religious buildings causes clustering and chain migration

Paris

• suburbs consist of government housing, migrants concentrated there

what are clone towns

high streets dominated by chain stores leading to a loss of sense of place

2 main factors affecting the change in the place identity of Birmingham

deindustrialisation - no longer known as an industrial hub

immigration - now known as one of the most diverse and young cities in Europe

why was Blythe Valley Business Park built where it is?

Higher EQ

lower land cost

accessibility via motorway

locational shifts in retail and explanation

• decentralisation

  • high rent, expensive parking, congestion in CBD

• competition from online shopping displacing

• high street local shops replace by large chain stores due to high rents

locational shifts in manufacturing and explanation

• deindustrialisation - global shift towards emerging economies

• central factories now outdated, more distal locations preferred for warehouses etc for accessibility for lorries and saving costs

• gov initiatives (e.g. SEZ in Shenzhen, Bangalore’s Electronic City) can concentrate industry in an area

locational shifts in services and explanation

• high order services remain in CBD for prestige and footfall

• general decentralisation due to redevelopment and following population

• gov can decentralise, (e.g. moving BBC Sport HQ to Manchester)

2 factors affecting rate of change + explain

Location

• global cities connected to world economy, grow faster

Economic position

• emerging economies experience rapid growth

• more car ownership and global transport infrastructure improves trade and land use patterns

Reasons for ethnic segregation - external and internal

External

• Access to employment - low education esp. language barrier

• Housing availability

• Discrimination

Internal

• cultural/religious identity

• social/family group

• business - specific consumer market

• political representation

define ghetto

area that is almost exclusively populated by one ethnic group†

define ethnic segregation

concentration of one ethnic group in one area

Barriers to assimilation

discrimination in employment and housing

failing schools → low levels of qualifications

unwillingness to dilute cultural identity

EXAMPLE - why is Clifton, Bristol a high income residential area

historic development

high property prices - filtering

attractive views

proximity to University of Bristol

amenities, services, low crime