Cellular_Respiration._

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

The main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Where does glycolysis occur?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

What is produced during glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

The equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which helps produce ATP.

What occurs during the Krebs cycle?

During the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA is broken down to produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.

What is the function of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain, where they contribute to ATP production.

What is anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is a process of energy production that occurs without oxygen, resulting in products like lactic acid or ethanol.

How many ATP molecules are produced in total during cellular respiration?

A total of approximately 36 to 38 ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration.

What is the significance of ATP in cellular respiration?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

What are the end products of cellular respiration?

The end products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

What role does the electron transport chain play in cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain is responsible for generating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration by using electrons from NADH and FADH2.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and yields more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

What is fermentation?

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, often resulting in lactic acid or ethanol.

How is energy released from ATP?

Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate group is removed, converting it to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

What are the main differences between lactic acid and ethyl alcohol fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and occurs in muscle cells, while ethyl alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide and occurs in yeast.

What organisms commonly perform lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactate bacteria and in muscle cells of animals.

What is chemiosmosis?

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient, which generates ATP.

What is the role of the mitochondria in cellular respiration?

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, where the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur, producing ATP.

What is the purpose of fermentation?

Fermentation allows organisms to produce energy without oxygen, helping to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

What is aerobic glycolysis?

Aerobic glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen, leading to further energy production in the mitochondria.

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle for further energy production.

What is the total ATP yield from anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration typically yields only 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

What are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in yeasts?

In yeasts, the byproducts of anaerobic respiration are ethanol and carbon dioxide.

What is the role of pyruvate in cellular respiration?

Pyruvate is a key intermediate that links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, serving as a substrate for further metabolic reactions.

What is the significance of the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle is significant for its role in producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) that are crucial for ATP production.

What is the difference in NADH and FADH2 in terms of ATP yield?

NADH produces more ATP than FADH2 when oxidized in the electron transport chain due to its entry point being higher in the chain.