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Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that occurs in normal cells when DNA damage is detected and cannot be repaired.
Caspases
A family of proteins that play essential roles in apoptosis, allowing cells to undergo programmed cell death.
Initiator Caspase
The first type of caspase activated in the apoptosis signaling pathway, which subsequently activates executioner caspases.
Executioner Caspase
The type of caspase that is activated by initiator caspases and is responsible for carrying out the death program in the cell.
Extrinsic Pathway
The apoptotic pathway triggered by external signals from immune cells, which involves the binding of death ligands to death receptors on the cell.
Intrinsic Pathway
The apoptotic pathway triggered by internal signals, such as DNA damage or loss of survival factors, involving mitochondrial release of cytochrome c.
BCL-2
A protein that prevents apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.
p53
A tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
Oncogene
A gene that promotes cell growth and division; mutations in oncogenes can lead to cancer.
Tumor Suppressor Gene
A gene that regulates cell growth and division; mutations can result in loss of function, contributing to the development of cancer.
Cytochrome c
A protein found in the mitochondria that is released into the cytoplasm to trigger the apoptosome formation during intrinsic apoptosis.
Mutations
Changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in gene function, potentially resulting in cancer.
PUMA
A protein that inhibits BCL-2, promoting apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable.
Death Ligand
A signaling protein produced by immune cells that binds to death receptors on a target cell to initiate apoptosis.
Apoptosome
A complex formed by activated adapter proteins and initiator caspases that triggers downstream apoptosis signaling.
G1 to S Checkpoint
Regulatory point in the cell cycle that assesses DNA integrity before allowing transition to DNA synthesis phase.
DNA Damage
Alterations to the DNA structure that can disrupt normal cellular functions and may lead to cancer if not repaired.
