Studied by 2 people
HIV selectively infects…. cells
T-helper
what is the genus of HIV
Lentivirus
what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus
what is contained with the capsid of HIV
2 identical strands of RNA
what are two important enzymes that HIV contain
reverse transcriptase
integrase
cell plasma membrane of HIV is … (phospholipid)
enveloped
what are found on the other surface of HIV
spike proteins
what are two specific regions of the spike proteins
gp120
gp41
gp120 combine with … receptors
CD4+
what three types of cells are CD4 molecules are carried on
T helper cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
basic three stages of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell
attachment
fusion
entry
explain the attachment stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell
the gp120 spike attaches to a receptor and to a CCR5 or CXCR4 receptor on the cell
explain the fusion stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell
the gp41 participates in fusion of the HIV with the cell
explain the entry stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell
entry pore is created
after entry, the viral envelope remains behind and the HIV un-coats, releasing the RNA core for directing synthesis of new viruses
what is used to convert single-stranded RNA to DNA
reverse transcriptase
Viral DNA integrates into the … chromosome as a …
host
provirus
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION… stages of multiplication of HIV
enters by fusion between attachment spikes and the host cell receptors
un-coating releases the RNA strands and enzymes
reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA to produce double-stranded DNA
the new viral DNA goes into the host cell’s nucleus and is integrated into the host cell chromosome, using integrase
virus matures and eventually leaves the host cell after acquiring everything it needs such as an envelope and attachment spikes
an active infection is when new viruses bud from …
host cells
a latent infection is when DNA is … in the chromosome as a …
hidden
provirus
HIV normally attacks … first and the goes onto the … … and then finally reaches the … cells
macrophages
lymph nodes
T-helper cells
what are the two subtypes of HIV
HIV-1
HIV-2
what type of HIV is more prevalent
HIV-1
HIV-1 is related to viruses that infect … and …
chimpanzees and gorillas
HIV-2 is not often encountered outside of…
West Africa
which of the two subtypes are less pathogenic
HIV-2
which of the two subtypes has a longer asymptomatic period and a lower viral load and morality rate
HIV-2
what is the main character of phase 1 of HIV infection
asymptomatic
in phase 2 of HIV infection, what steadily declines
CD4+ T cells
in phase 2 of HIV infection only a few … cells release the virus and there are few serious … ….
infected
disease symptoms
what develops in phase 3 of HIV infection
AIDS develop
in phase 3 of infection the CD4+ count is below … cell/ ul
200
AIDS is defined as
late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the effect of the virus
HIV infections usually have a … and … initial immune response
strong and effective
… suppress viral numbers
CLTs
why is it impossible to clear the HIV infection
HIV establishes a pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells
what two age groups are more susceptible to HIV infection and lowers their chances of survival due to an underdeveloped immune system
young children
older adults
what mutation allows individuals to be exposed to HIV virus but never infected from it
CCR5
long term survivors will usually have a… (2 things)
low viral load
effective CLTs
HIV can survive up to … hours outside a cell
6
HIV can survive more than … days inside a cell
1.5
what form of sexual contact is the most dangerous in terms of HIV infection
anal-receptive intercourse
there are more than .. million people infected with AIDS worldwide
36
around … % of infected people with AIDS are found in Africa
70
1/3 of AIDs cases in Eastern Europe and Central/ Southeast Asia are from the use of…
infected needles
… transmission is the most common mode of HIV transmission
heterosexual
when gender has a higher rate of HIV transmission
males
what are three types of interventions which are being used to prevent/ treat AIDs
biomedical
behavioral
structural
what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited fusion/ entry
gp120 receptor will not be able to attach to the CD4+ receptor on the T-helper cell
what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited reverse transcriptase
HIV would be not be able to replicate the single stranded RNA stranded into DNA
what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited integrase
the new viral DNA will not be able to integrate into the host cell chromosome
what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited protease
convert viral precursor proteins into structural and functional proteins
