chapter 19- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

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1

HIV selectively infects…. cells

T-helper

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2

what is the genus of HIV

Lentivirus

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3

what type of virus is HIV

retrovirus

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4
<p>what is contained with the capsid of HIV</p>

what is contained with the capsid of HIV

2 identical strands of RNA

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5
<p>what are two important enzymes that HIV contain</p>

what are two important enzymes that HIV contain

reverse transcriptase

integrase

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6
<p>cell plasma membrane of HIV is … (phospholipid)</p>

cell plasma membrane of HIV is … (phospholipid)

enveloped

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7
<p>what are found on the other surface of HIV</p>

what are found on the other surface of HIV

spike proteins

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8

what are two specific regions of the spike proteins

gp120

gp41

<p>gp120</p><p>gp41</p>
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9

gp120 combine with … receptors

CD4+

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10

what three types of cells are CD4 molecules are carried on

T helper cells

macrophages

dendritic cells

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11
<p>basic three stages of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell</p>

basic three stages of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell

  1. attachment

  2. fusion

  3. entry

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12

explain the attachment stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell

the gp120 spike attaches to a receptor and to a CCR5 or CXCR4 receptor on the cell

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13

explain the fusion stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell

the gp41 participates in fusion of the HIV with the cell

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14

explain the entry stage of HIV attachment to receptors on target T cell

entry pore is created

after entry, the viral envelope remains behind and the HIV un-coats, releasing the RNA core for directing synthesis of new viruses

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15

what is used to convert single-stranded RNA to DNA

reverse transcriptase

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16

Viral DNA integrates into the … chromosome as a …

host

provirus

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17

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION… stages of multiplication of HIV

  1. enters by fusion between attachment spikes and the host cell receptors

  2. un-coating releases the RNA strands and enzymes

  3. reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA to produce double-stranded DNA

  4. the new viral DNA goes into the host cell’s nucleus and is integrated into the host cell chromosome, using integrase

  5. virus matures and eventually leaves the host cell after acquiring everything it needs such as an envelope and attachment spikes

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18

an active infection is when new viruses bud from …

host cells

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19

a latent infection is when DNA is … in the chromosome as a …

hidden

provirus

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20

HIV normally attacks … first and the goes onto the … … and then finally reaches the … cells

macrophages

lymph nodes

T-helper cells

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21

what are the two subtypes of HIV

HIV-1

HIV-2

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22

what type of HIV is more prevalent

HIV-1

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23

HIV-1 is related to viruses that infect … and …

chimpanzees and gorillas

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24

HIV-2 is not often encountered outside of…

West Africa

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25

which of the two subtypes are less pathogenic

HIV-2

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26

which of the two subtypes has a longer asymptomatic period and a lower viral load and morality rate

HIV-2

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27
<p>what is the main character of phase 1 of HIV infection</p>

what is the main character of phase 1 of HIV infection

asymptomatic

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28
<p>in phase 2 of HIV infection, what steadily declines</p>

in phase 2 of HIV infection, what steadily declines

CD4+ T cells

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29
<p>in phase 2 of HIV infection only a few … cells release the virus and there are few serious … ….</p>

in phase 2 of HIV infection only a few … cells release the virus and there are few serious … ….

infected

disease symptoms

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30
<p>what develops in phase 3 of HIV infection</p>

what develops in phase 3 of HIV infection

AIDS develop

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31
<p>in phase 3 of infection the CD4+ count is below … cell/ ul</p>

in phase 3 of infection the CD4+ count is below … cell/ ul

200

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32

AIDS is defined as

late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the effect of the virus

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33

HIV infections usually have a … and … initial immune response

strong and effective

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34

… suppress viral numbers

CLTs

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35

why is it impossible to clear the HIV infection

HIV establishes a pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells

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36

what two age groups are more susceptible to HIV infection and lowers their chances of survival due to an underdeveloped immune system

young children

older adults

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37

what mutation allows individuals to be exposed to HIV virus but never infected from it

CCR5

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38

long term survivors will usually have a… (2 things)

low viral load

effective CLTs

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39

HIV can survive up to … hours outside a cell

6

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40

HIV can survive more than … days inside a cell

1.5

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41

what form of sexual contact is the most dangerous in terms of HIV infection

anal-receptive intercourse

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42

there are more than .. million people infected with AIDS worldwide

36

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43

around … % of infected people with AIDS are found in Africa

70

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44

1/3 of AIDs cases in Eastern Europe and Central/ Southeast Asia are from the use of…

infected needles

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45

… transmission is the most common mode of HIV transmission

heterosexual

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46

when gender has a higher rate of HIV transmission

males

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47

what are three types of interventions which are being used to prevent/ treat AIDs

biomedical

behavioral

structural

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48

what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited fusion/ entry

gp120 receptor will not be able to attach to the CD4+ receptor on the T-helper cell

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49

what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited reverse transcriptase

HIV would be not be able to replicate the single stranded RNA stranded into DNA

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50

what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited integrase

the new viral DNA will not be able to integrate into the host cell chromosome

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51

what would happen if a drug was administered for HIV that inhibited protease

convert viral precursor proteins into structural and functional proteins

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