Chapter 19: Enzymes and Vitamins

Genetic control

________ is exercised by regulation of the synthesis of enzymes specific to the stage of life and need of the organism.

Reaction rate

________ is maximal at a pH that reflects the pH of the enzymes site of action in the body.

Competitive

________ (enzyme) inhibition is the enzyme regulation in which an inhibitor competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme active site.

Enzymes act

________ as catalysts because of their following abilities to:

active site

Within the folds of an enzymes protein chain is the ________- the region where the reaction takes place.

Coenzyme

________ is an organic molecule that acts as an enzyme cofactor.

Cofactor

________ is a nonprotein part of an enzyme that is essential to the enzymes catalytic activity; a metal ion or a coenzyme.

Inhibition

________ (of an enzyme) is any process that slows or stops the action of an enzyme.

Feedback control

________ is the regulation of an enzymes activity by the product of a reaction later in a pathway.

Vitamins

________ are organic molecules required in small amounts in the body that must be obtained from the diet.

inactive forms

Some enzymes are synthesized in ________ that differ from the active forms in composition.

Minerals

________ are chemical elements needed in small amounts in the diet.

Enzymes

________ are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biochemical reactions but at the end of the reaction remain unchanged themselves.

Minerals function

________ as macronutrients (calcium and phosphorus for bone), electrolytes, and micronutrients used primarily as enzyme cofactors.

shapes of protein

The substrate is first drawn into position by the same kinds of noncovalent forces that govern the ________ molecules.

reaction rate

In the presence of excess substrate, ________ is directly proportional to enzyme concentration.

turnover number

the maximum number of substrate molecules acted upon by one molecule of enzyme per unit time.