Avian 1

Psittaciformes

species name for parrots

Passeriformes

species name for canaries or finches

Aves

class name for birds

cervical

which vertebrae are variable in number depending on species

fused

what adaptation to some areas of the spine provides stable body for flight

keel

another name for sternum in the bird

keel

where pectoral muscles used for flight attach

notarium

fusion of the first thoracic vertebrae

synsacrum

fusion of caudal thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae

pygostyle

distal fusion of the caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae for tail muscle attachment

pectoral girdle

consists of coracoid bone, clavicle (furcula), and scapula

major and minor

two names for fused carpal and metacarpal bones

ulnar and radial

what are two named carpal bones

alula or pollex

2 names for first digit (thumb)

2 and 3

which digits are fused

tibotarsus

fused parts of tibia and tarsal bones

tarsometatarsus

fused parts of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones

pneumatic

adaptation to some bones lighten them for flight

femur, humerus, some vertebrae

which 3 bones are pneumatic

IO catheters

what should not be placed in birds’ pneumatic bones for risk of drowning

respiratory

which tract do pneumatic bones directly connect to

keratin

what are feathers made of

pterylae

feathered tracts that the feathers lay in

apterylae

bare skin between feathered tracts

primary, secondary, contour, down

what are 4 types of feathers

primary

feathers from carpus, metacarpus, and pygostyle

secondary

feathers from radius and ulna

coverts

second tier of feathers covering the site of attachment of the primary and secondary feathers

contour

feathers located all over the body

down

feathers not visible on surface to help with insulation and repelling water

rachis

name for main shaft of feather

down feathers

have barbs and barbules but are less rigid

barb

attaches to the rachis

barbule

attaches to barbs at 45 degree angle, and attach to each other at a 90 degree angle

blood feathers

feathers that are growing and have a blood supply

no vasoconstriction at proximal end

why do broken blood feathers pose risk for bleeding out

pull it out gently

how to treat bleeding blood feather

periosteum bone

where do large wing feathers (primary and secondary) attach

molting

the process of feather replacement, developing feather pushes an old one out

symmetrical

is molting symmetrical or assymetrical

1 or 2

how many paris of flight feathers are molted at a time (except many species of waterfowl who molt all at once)

patagium

name for wing web that provides elastricity to the wing

lack enzyme to convert biliverdin to bilirubin

why do birds bruises turn bright green

2 to 4

how many cell layers in their skin

uropygial

another name for preen gland

ear

gland absent in most birds

no

do birds have sweat glands

liver

what organ directly surrounds the apex of the heart

no

do birds have a diaphragm

larger

is a birds heart larger or smaller than a mammalian heart (relative to body size)

lymph vessels

do birds have lymph nodes or lymph vessels

have a renal portal system, drugs go right to kidneys

why is it usually better to inject drugs in the front half rather than back half

right

which jugular vein is 2/3rds larger than the other in most species

basilic

which vein is used to determine vein refill time because it is so superficial

have both mammalian and reptile type

what makes bird nephrons unique

urea or urine

what do mammalian type nephrons produce

urates

what do reptillian type nephrons produce

no

do birds have a loop of henle

blood from caudal half may pass through kidneys before heart

what does the renal portal system mean

voluntary striated muscle

what trait is unique to bird irises

larger

is the optic nerve larger or smaller compared to mammals

no

does the retina have a blood supply

pectin

structure that supplies nutrients to the vitreous, black worm structure in the posterior chamber

cere

area at the base of the upper beak that surrounds the nares (nostrils)

operculum

keratinized flap of tissue just inside the nares in parrots

large, complete

how are birds trachea and tracheal rings adapted

sternum

what structure must move in order to breathe

syrinx

structure located past bifurcation of trachea used for sound generation

choana

v-shaped opening on the roof of the mouth

9

how many air sacs do birds have

store and warm air

what is the function of air sacs

no

does gas exchange occur in the air sacs

posterior air sacs

where does the air move into on first inhalation

lungs

where does the air move on first exhalation

anterior air sacs

where does the air move on second inhalation (also new air moves into posterior air sacs)

out of body

where does the air move on second exhalation (also newer air moves into lungs)

air capillaries

what do birds have equivalent to alveoli, but are smaller

coelomic

name for body cavity since there is no diaphragm

cervical and thoracic, crop

how is the esophagus divided and what is it divided by

crop or ingulvies

two names for out-pouching of esophagus that stores food

at least 1 per minute

how often should peristalsis occur in the crop

proventriculus

true glandular stomach

ventriculus or gizzard

two names for the digestive organ that acts as additional grinding for food

clostridium

what bacteria should not be seen in parrot feces, appears as safety pin or racket shape on stain

cloaca

end point for GI, reproductive, and urinary systems

copradeum

part of cloaca that receives feces from rectum

urodeum

part of cloaca that recieves urine and sperm/eggs

proctodeum

part of cloaca that is the area just before the opening

phallus

what reproductive organ do most male birds lack

right

which ovary in female birds fails to develop

infundibulum

part of oviduct that is place for reception of ovulated egg cell and for fertilization

magnum

part of oviduct where synthesis and deposition of prteins (albumin) occurs

isthmus

part of oviduct where synthesis of two shell membrane occurs

uterus

part of oviduct where synthesis of the shell occurs

vagina

part of oviduct that sotres sperm cells, but has no function in synthesis of the egg

no

is it easy to differentiate bird sex physically

ZW, ZZ

what are the chromosome paris for female vs male birds

vent

what type of sexing is usually done for baby chicks or during breeding season

feather

what type of sexing monitors the growth rate of primary wing feathers in comparison to covert, usually on baby chicks- females primary are longer than covert, males primary and covert similar length

surgical

what type of sexing requires anesthesia and endoscope and is done by entering the caudal air sac then observing gonads in abdominal air sac