Similarities in Quantum and Bohr
energy of electrons are quantized (can only have certain values)
electrons CAN move in between energy levels and sub levels by absorbing or releasing energy
Quantum Model
position can be estimated with probability (cannot be known with certainty)
there are sublevels and orbitals
electrons move freely within these regions (orbitals)
Bohr Model
electron’s position and momentum are known - given by the size of its “orbit” (energy level)
energy levels only, no further divisions.
Brogile
developed an equation for determining the wavelength of any object
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It is impossible to measure the exact position (x) and the exact momentum (p) of an electron simultaneously!
the more we know about one variable, the less we know about the other variable -> we sacrifice certainty in the electron’s position for certainty in it’s momentum (energy)
Schrodinger
developed a mathematical equation to describe the wavelike nature of electrons in an atoms
solutions -> orbitals
(basically went from orbits to orbitals)
What does Schrodinger's equation do?
computes the probability of finding an electron (with a specific energy) in a certain region of space.
Difference between orbitals and orbits
orbit - a fixed path along which electrons revolve around the atom's nucleus
orbital - is an area used to calculate the probability of finding any electron
The space representing where an electron could be found is shown by ____
a fuzzy cloud like region
True or False? The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high
true
name all the orbitals
s, p, d , f
shapes of orbitals
s -> spherical p -> dumbbell d -> clover f -> complex
sizes of s-orbitals
n increases = size and most likely distance at which to find the electron increases
How many electrons does each orbital hold?
2
What is an orbital’s size and shape determined by?
the electron's energy
Total electrons in each sub level
s-sublevel = 2 electrons p-sublevel = 6 electrons d-sublevel = 10 electrons f-sublevel = 14 electrons
Aufbau Principle
lower energy orbitals must be filled completely before electrons can be distributed to higher energy orbitals
EX: 4s^2 comes before 3d^10 because it's a lower energy orbital
Exceptions to Aufbau Principle
chromium copper they both promote a 4s electron to the 3d sublevel!
Hund's Rule
place one electron per orbital before pairing them EX: when drawing electron configuration (boxes), you have to give each box one arrow before pairing it with another
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
each orbital can hold only TWO electrons and they must have opposite spins EX: the drawn electron configuration must have two arrows pointing in OPPOSITE directions
Electron Configuration of Kr (36)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6