Table of Element

1 (H)

HYDROGEN \[1\]

2 (He)

HELIUM \[4.0026\]

3 (Li)

LITHIUM \[6.94\]

4 (Be)

BERYLLIUM (9.0122)

5 (B)

BORON \[10.81\]

6 (C)

CARBON \[12.011\]

7 (N)

NITROGEN \[14.007\]

8 (O)

OXYGEN \[16/15.999\]

9 (F)

FLUORINE \[18.998\]

10 (Ne)

NEON \[20.180\]

11 (Na)

SODIUM \[22.990\]

12 (Mg)

MAGNESIUM \[24.305\]

13 (Al)

ALUMINIUM \[26.982\]

14 (Si)

SILICON \[28.085\]

15 (P)

PHOSPHORUS \[30.974\]

16 (S)

SULFUR \[32.06\]

17 (Cl)

CHLORINE \[35.45\]

18 (Ar)

ARGON \[39.948\]

19 (K)

POTASSIUM \[39.098\]

20 (Ca)

CALCIUM \[40.078\]

21 (Sc)

SCANDIUM \[44.956\]

22. Ti

TINATIUM \[47.867\]

23. V

VANADIUM \[50.942\]

24. Cr

CHROMIUM \[51.996\]

25. Mn

MANGANESE \[54.938\]

26. Fe

IRON \[55.845\]

27. Co

COBALT \[58.933\]

28. Ni

NICKEL \[58.693\]

29. Cu

COPPER \[63.546\]

30. Zn

ZINC \[65.38\]

31. Ga

GALLIUM \[69.723\]

32. Ge

GERMANIUM \[72.630\]

33. As

ARSENIC \[74.922\]

34. Se

SELENIUM \[78.971\]

35. Br

BROMINE \[79.904\]

36. Kr

KRYPTON \[83.798\]

37. Rb

RUBIDIUM \[85.468\]

38. Sr

Strontium \[87.62\]

39. Y

YTTRIUM \[88.906\]

40. Zr

ZIRCONIUM \[91.224\]

41. Nb

NIOBIUM \[92.906\]

42. Mo

MOLYBDENUM \[95.95\]

43. Tc

TECHNETIUM \[98\]

44. Ru

RUTHENIUM \[101.07\]

45. Rh

RHODIUM \[102.91\]

46. Pd

PALLADIUM \[106.42\]

47. AG

SILVER \[107.87\]

48. Cd

CADMIUM \[112.41\]

49. In

INDIUM \[114.82\]

50. Sn

TIN \[118.71\]

51. Sb

ANTIMONY \[121.76\]

52. Te

TELLURIUM \[127.60\]

53. (I)

IODINE \[129.90\]

54. Xe

XENON \[131.29\]

55. Cs

CAESIUM \[132.91\]

56. Ba

BARIUM \[137.33\]

57. La

LANTHANUM \[138.91\]

58. Ce

CERIUM \[140.12\]

59. Pr

PRASEODYMIUM \[140.91\]

60. Nd

NEODYMIUM \[144.24\]

61. Pm

PROMETHIUM \[145\]

62. SM

SAMARIUM \[150.36\]

Trough

bottom of a transverse wave

Compression

area of high pressure in a longitudinal wave

Rarefaction

area of low pressure (expansion) in a longitudinal wave

Wavelength (λ)

shortest distance along the wave between two points in phase with one another (OR: distance traveled by the wave in one period)

Wave Speed (v)

speed of transfer of the energy of the wave

Intensity (I)

power received per unit area. (NOTE: for a wave, this quantity is proportional to the square of its amplitude)

Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when both angles are measured with respect to the normal line

Snell's Law

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for a given frequency.

Total Internal Reflection

A refraction phenomenon in which a wave attempting to travel from a denser medium to a less dense medium is unable to escape at the boundary.

Critical Angle

The minimum angle of incidence for which total internal reflection will occur.

Refractive Index (Index of Refraction) (n)

a. the ratio of the speed of the wave in the refracted medium to the speed of the wave in the incident medium

b. the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction

Diffraction

the bending of a wave around an obstacle or the spreading of a wave through an opening. (NOTE: diffraction is only noticeable when the size of the
opening is smaller than or on the same order of the size of the wavelength)

Principle of Superposition

When two waves meet, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of the displacements of the component waves.

Constructive Interference

superposition of two waves which are in phase with
each other. Occurs when the path difference is an integer value of the wavelength.

Destructive Interference

superposition of two waves which are out of phase with
each other. Occurs when the path difference is a half integer value of the wavelength.

Path Difference

difference in the distances two waves must travel from their sources to a given point

Standing (stationary) wave

resultant wave formed when two waves of equal
amplitude and frequency traveling in opposite directions in the same medium interfere. (NOTE: does not involve a transfer of energy) (NOTE: points on the wave have varying amplitudes)

Node

locations of constant complete destructive interference on a standing wave

Antinode

locations of maximum constructive interference on a standing wave

Fundamental (First Harmonic)

lowest frequency mode of vibration of a standing wave

Polarized Light

light in which the electric field vector vibrates in one plane only

Polarizer

device that produces plane polarized light from an unpolarized beam

Malus' Law

the transmitted intensity of polarized light is equal to the productof the incident intensity times the square of the cosine of the angle between the direction of the analyzer and the direction of the electric field vibration of the polarized light (I \= Io cos^2 θ )

Law of Conservation of Charge

The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant.

Conductor

material through with electric charge flows freely. This type of material has loosely bound electrons.

Insulator

material through which electric charge does not flow freely. This type of material has tightly bound electrons.

Direct Current

Current that flows in one direction with a constant amperage

Coulomb's Law

The electric force between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to square of the distance between them, and directed along the line joining the two charges.

Electric Field Strength (E)

Electric force per positive unit test charge

Electric Potential (V)

work done per unit charge moving a small positive test
charge in from infinity to a point in an electric field. (NOTE: the work done is path independent)

Electric Potential Difference (ΔV)

electric potential energy difference per unit charge between two points in an electric field

Electronvolt (eV)

energy gained by an electron moving through an electric potential difference of one volt. (OR: Work done moving an electron through an electric potential difference of one volt.)

Electric Current (I)

the rate at which electric charge flows past a point per unit time

Resistance (R)

ratio of potential difference applied to a device to the current through the device

Resistor

device with a constant resistance (Ohmic device) over a wide range of potential differences

Ohm's Law

The current flowing through a device is proportional to the potential difference applied across it providing the temperature is constant. (NOTE: R \= V/I is not a statement of Ohm's Law)

Ohmic Device

one whose resistance remains constant over a wide range of potential differences (eg - resistor)