Biology S1 exam

Characteristics of living things

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, evolutionary adaptation

Order

Organized set of cells and all types of materials to make a complex organism

Reproduction

the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind

Growth and Development

ability to grow and mature based on the instructions in the DNA

Energy Processing

the use of chemical energy to power an organism's activities and chemical reactions

regulation

keeping track or internal and external homeostasis

Response to stimuli

Dealing with predators and the environment

Evolution

Organisms with traits best for the environment reproduce more

Biosphere

The world and its atmosphere

Ecosystem

Sum of all abiotic and biotic factors

Community

Collection of organisms and different species

Population

Collection of a singular species

Organism

An individual of a living species

Organ system

Set or organs working together to perform a function

Organ

composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

Tissue

Composed of cells that serve a specific function

Prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic

Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Organelle

Membrane enclosed structure that works for the cell

Molecule

a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds

Emergent Properties

Assembled parts working together yield functions greater than the parts

Classification of organisms

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Habitat

Sum of the biotic and abiotic factors where an organism lives

Examples of abiotic factors

water, soil, light , minerals, wind, air, temperature, pollution, etc.

Examples of biotic factors

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists ( algae), and Monerans (bacteria)

Energy flow through an ecosystem

Sun to producers to consumers, outflow of heat

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

Seasons

Caused by the tilt of Earth on its axis as it revolves around the Sun

Earth's tilt

23.5 degrees

Tropics

Areas with consistent solar energy throughout the year

Doldrums

Water heats and evaporates leaving calm winds

Trade Winds

As the air that has ascended due to heat begins to descend, some winds move back to the equator

Easterlies

Global winds that flow from the east to the west.

Westerlies

Winds that blow from west to east

pelagic realm

all open water

benthic realm

seafloor

photic zone

Portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate.

phytoplankton and zooplankton

Water organisms that perform photosynthesis

aphotic zone

permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone

Estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

Wetlands

a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.

Why are there ocean currents

Prevailing winds, uneven heating, planet rotation

Coriolis effect

The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Elements almost all living things have

CHNOPS

trace elements

required by an organism in only minute quantities

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes

Have nuclei that decay spontaneously energy and other particles

Valence Shells

outermost electron shell

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Molecules

atoms held together by covalent bonds

Electronegativity

Atoms attraction for shared electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Anion

Ion with a negative charge

Ionic Bond

two ions with opposite attractions held together

Hydrogen bonds

Singularly weak bonds but in numbers it becomes powerful

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Solution

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

Dissolving agent

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Acid

Substance that donate hydrogen ions to solutions

Bases

Substance that reduce hydrogen ions concentration

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

Molecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbs

Sugars, made of monosachharide, ose ending, exist as a flat ring

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of plants

Lipids

phospholipids, creates cell membranes

Hydrophobic tail

The water fearing portion of the phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic head

"Water loving" part of a phospholipid - Allows water to pass

unsatturated fatty acid

a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attatched to the carbon skeleton

Saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.

Steroids

testosterone substitute, formed by carbon skeleton

Proteins

ase ending, enzymes, made of amino acids, peptide bonds

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA, five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

TEM

Trasmission Electron Microscope; used to study parts inside of a cell; only dead cells can be observed

SEM

Scanning Electron Microscope; Scans a beam of electrons across the surface of the specimen.

LM

light microscope - uses a beam of light, for lower magnification

Things all cells have

Ribosome, Cytoplasm, DNA, Cytoskeleton, Cell Membrane

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Vesicles

transports materials within the cell