Lecture 11- The Heart

Exam 4 Material

blood

blood

the heart keeps the ________ in motion

100,000

The heart beats about _________ times per day

1.5 million

The heart pumps about _________ gallons of blood per year

4

the heart consists of ____ chambers

no

is there a connection between the right and left sides of the heart?

pulmonary and systemic

what 2 circuits does the heart pump blood in?

arteries

Transport blood away from the heart

veins

Transport blood toward the heart

capillaries

Vessels that interconnect arteries and veins

pericardium

The heart is surrounded by a ____________

fibrous

outer layer of the pericardium

serous

inner layer of the pericardium

visceral layer

inner serous pericardium layer that is attached to the surface of the heart

parietal layer

outer serous pericardium layer which is adjacent to the fibrous pericardium

pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid

The space between the two serous layers is called the
____________ and it contains _________

lubricates the space and reduces friction

what is the function of pericardial fluid?

epicardium

External surface of heart walls, consists of visceral pericardium

myocardium

portion of heart walls that consists of cardiac tissue, including cardiac muscle cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

endocardium

Internal, endothelial surface of heart walls→ in direct contact w/ blood

Intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by ______________

involuntary

what type of contraction is used in cardiac muscle cells

aerobic

cardiac muscle tissue is dependent on _________ respiration

myofibrils

The intercalated discs bind the ___________ of adjacent cells together

Desmosomes

The plasma membranes of two adjacent cardiac cells are bound together by _____________

ions

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions which allow ________ to move directly from one cell to another creating a direct, electrical connection

functional syctium

the connection of cardiac muscles by gap junctions forms a ________ where the cells contract as one unit

keeps heart in position, support bvs, distribute force of contraction, elasticity for heart recoil

what is the function of the cardiac skeleton?

base

the superior border of the heart

apex

the inferior portion of the heart

right atrium

The right border is formed by only the _________

right ventricle

The inferior border is formed by the ___________

posterior

The _________ heart surface consists of the left atrium and a small portion of right atrium

diaphragmatic

The ____________ surface is composed of the right and left ventricles

Interatrial groove

separates the left and right atria

Coronary sulcus

separates the atria and the ventricles

interventricular sulci

separate the left and right ventricles

left, needs more force to pump blood to entire body

which ventricular wall is thicker? why?

ventricles

do ventricles or atria have thicker walls?

auricle

expandable anterior portion of the atria

atrioventricular valves

The __________ are situated between the atria and the ventricles

tricuspid

right AV valve

bicuspid

left AV valve

prevent backflow

what is the function of valves in the heart?

superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

where does the right atrium receive oxygen poor blood from?

pectinate muscles

the right atrium contains a high amount of ________ to withstand pressure of expansion and contraction

foramen ovule

connection between left and right atrium in fetuses

fossa ovalis

what is the remnant of the foramen ovule after it closes and scars in adults

right ventricle

blood moves from the right atrium to the __________-

right AV (tricuspid) valve

Blood enters the right ventricle by passing through the ________________

pulmonary valve

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the ____________

pulmonary trunk then right and left pulmonary arteries

what does the pulmonary valve lead to?

papillary muscles

muscles associated with the fibrous flaps in valves

3

how many papillary muscles in the right av vlave?

chordae tendinae

fibers that connect papillary muscles to cusps

trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges found on the internal surface of the right ventricle

moderator band

-Muscular band that extends from the interventricular septum to the ventricular wall
– Prevents overexpansion of the thin-walled right ventricle (only found there)

right and left pulmonary veins

where does the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via?

left AV (bicuspid) valve

blood passes through ________ to go from left atrium to left ventricle

2

how many papillary muscles are in the left AV valve?

aortic valve

Blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the ____________

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

after leaving the left ventricle through the aortic valve, where does blood enter?

contract in a way that prevents AV valve inversion

what is the function of papillary muscles?

ring of CT, cusps, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles

what four parts make up an AV valve

Atrial branches, Right marginal branch, Posterior interventricular branch

what are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Anterior interventricular, Circumflex branch( Left marginal branch, posterior left ventricular branch)

what are the branches of the left coronary artery?

coronary blood vessels

Originate at the base of the ascending aorta
– Supply the cardiac muscle tissue via the coronary circulation

coronary veins

Drain cardiac venous blood ultimately into the right atrium

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, coronary sinus, posterior vein of the left ventricle, small cardiac vein, anterior cardiac veins

what are the main coronary veins?

floor of right atrium

where is the atrioventricular node located?

SA node

what initiates electrical impulses in the heart?

posterior wall of right atrium near entrance of sup vena cava

where is the sinoatrial node located?

pacemaker cells

cells in the SA node that dictate heart rate

bradycardia

slower-than-normal heart rate

tachycardia

faster-than-normal heart rate

starts in SA node, atrial contraction, travels to AV node, AV node slows the impulse, travels from AV node to AV bundle, conducted along interventricular septum, branches and conducts impulses to Purkinje fibers, ventricular contracrtion

how do impulses move through the cardiac system

• They emerge from the base of the ascending aorta.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the coronary vessels of the heart?
• They emerge from the aortic arch region.
• They emerge from the base of the ascending aorta.
• They emerge from the left ventricle.
• They emerge from the left atrium

• When the heart beats, the atria contract first, followed by the ventricles.

Which of the following statements regarding the cardiovascular system is TRUE?
• The right atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit.
• The right ventricle ejects blood into the systemic circuit.
• When the heart beats, the atria contract first, followed by the ventricles.
• The left atrium collects blood from the systemic circuit.

• pulmonary artery

Which of the following vessels sends blood to the lungs from the right ventricle?
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary vein
• aorta
• inferior vena cava

• consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue

The myocardium _____.
• contains layers of cardiac muscle tissue that form figure-eights as
they pass from atrium to ventricle
• forms the external surface of the heart
• is continuous with the endothelium of the attached blood vessels
• consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue

• endocardium

Which layer of the heart consists of simple squamous epithelium tissue that is continuous with the endothelium of the attached greater vessels?
• myocardium
• endocardium
• epicardium
• all of the above are correct

• apex

Which describes the inferior, pointed tip of the heart that is formed mainly by the left ventricle?
• apex
• base
• mediastinum
• inferior border

• right atrium

Which of the following contains the fetal remnant of the foramen ovale?
• right atrium
• left atrium
• right ventricle
• left ventricle

• They prevent valve inversion into the atria.

Which of the following is the function of the papillary muscles?
• They open the semilunar valves.
• They open the AV valves.
• They prevent valve inversion into the atria.
• They prevent valve inversion into the ventricles.

• right atrium

Which of the following receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit via the superior and inferior vena cava?
• left atrium
• right atrium
• left ventricle
• right ventricle

norepinephrine

what is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase HR?

acetylcholine

what is released by the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease HR?

increased HR and force, decreased HR and force

the sympathetic NS causes ________ while the parasympathetic NS causes _________