Vertebral column and back muscles

What are the five movements of the vertebral column?

Flexion and extension

Lateral flexion and extension

Rotation

What are the five regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae is each made up of?

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacrum (5)

Coccyx (4)

What are the five functions of the vertebral column?

Supports skull

Maintains posture

Protection

Locomotion

Limb attachment

What are the five components of the vertebral arch?

Spinous process

Lamina

Articular processes

Pedicles

Transverse process

What are the two atypical features specific to cervical vertebrae?

Transverse process contains foramen for the vertebral artery

Bifid spinous processes except c7

What are the atypical features specific to the C1 vertebrae?

No body

Short transverse processes

Flattened facet joints

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Condyloid synovial joint

What are the movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Flexion and extension

Slight lateral rotation and lateral flexion

What are the atypical features specific to the C2 vertebrae?

Small body

Odontological process acting as a pivot

What type of joints is the altanto-axial joint?

Pivot joint

What is the primary movement of the atlanto-axial joint?

Rotation

What is the atypical features specific to the C7 vertebrae?

Long spinous process

What are atypical features specific to thoracic vertebrae?

Superior and inferior costal facets

Transverse processes with articular facets

What is an atypical features specific to the lumbar vertebrae?

Largest vertebrae

What are intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilaginous discs between vertebrae

What is the structure of the intervertebral discs?

Annulus fibrosis of thick fibrocartilage

Nucleus pulposus gel like center

What are the two functions of intervertebral discs?

Shock absorption and friction prevention

What type of joint is an intervertebral disc?

Symphyses

What are the four main back muscles?

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

Lattismus dorsi

Psoas major

What are the two attachments of the trapezius?

Occipital bone

Clavicle and scapular spine

What are the two functions of the trapezius?

Affects movement of the scapula

Crosses the scapula thoracic joint

What are the two movements of the sternocleidomastoid?

Lateral flexion

Rotation

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

Divides the neck into anterior and posterior sections

What are the three proximal attachments of the lattismus dorsi?

Inferior thoracic spinous processes

Ribs

Iliac crest

What are the distal attachments of the latissimus dorsi?

Floor of bicipital groove

Humerus

What are the three movements of the latissimus dorsi?

Medial rotation

Extension

Adduction

What are the three attachments of the psoas major muscle?

Transverse processes and vertebral bodies

Lesser trochanter of the femur

What are the two movements of the psoas major?

Thigh flexion

Lateral flexion of vertebral column

What is the movement of the psoas minor muscle?

Flexion of vertebral column