Biology Ch. 2

Hypertonic Solution

Greater solutes (salts)

Hypotonic Solution

Less solutes

What is the primary source of energy on earth?

the Sun

Examples of organisms that use photosynthesis

plants, algae, some bacteria

What is formed directly via Sun Energy

ATP

Where is ATP made in green organisms

Chloroplasts

Size of ATP?

Large and hard to transport

Size of Glucose?

smaller than ATP, easier to transport

Function of Glucose?

Stores energy of many ATP in 1 glucose

Thylakoid

contains green pigment in chloroplast

Stroma

space between thylakoids

Light Dependent Reaction

Mechanism - electron transport chain

Input - sunlight and H2O

Output - ATP, oxygen, H+

Where - green pigment of thylakoids

Light Independent Reaction

Input - ATP, CO2, H+

Output - Glucose

Where - Stroma

Meanings of Respiration

1. to breathe

2. Cellular process that releases energy from glucose

Cellular Respiration Definition

how organisms convert food back into ATP

ATP Definition

universal energy source for all organisms at sub-cellular level

Aerobic Meaning

With oxygen

Anaerobic Meaning

Without oxygen

Aerobic Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Photosynthesis Equation

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Glycolysis

Mechanism - Glycolysis

Where - Cytosol

Input - Glucose (6 carbons)

Output - two, 3-carbon molecules and 2 ATP

Where does Aerobic Respiration take place?

Mitochondria and eukaryotic cells only

1st pathway of Aerobic Respiration

Input - two, 3-carbon molecules

Output - yields 2 ATP per sugar

Output - releases CO2 and H+ and E- with energy

Where - mitochondria

2nd pathway of electron transport

Input - H+, O2, E- (ADP + P)

Output: water and 32 ATP!

Mechanism - electron transport

Where - mitochondria

What is the total number of ATP made during Aerobic Respiration

36

What does Aerobic Training result in?

an increase in mitochondria in cells

What is Energy

movement or the potential to move

Kinetic Energy

motion

Potential Energy

energy in an object not moving, covalent bonds

T/F: Energy can change forms

T

What are the 6 forms on energy

1. Electromagnetic

2. Nuclear

3. Electrical

4. Mechanical

5. Chemical

6. Thermal

T/F: The transfer of energy is never complete

T

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change forms

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The transformation of energy is not 100% efficient, most always lost as heat

Chemical Energy

bonds between atoms (covalent bonds)

T/F: Breaking bonds releases energy

T

What is the 1 special covalent bond for energy that all organisms have?

ATP

ADP + P + little E = ATP

good to know

Simple Diffusion

• small, non-polar molecules

• move from high to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

• move via proteins

• no energy required (passive)

• big, polar molecules

Active Transport

Requires Energy, moves molecules from Low to High concentration

Particles (solutes) movement

1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated Diffusion

3. Active transport

Osmosis

the movement of water across cell membranes

Osmosis Characteristics

• in special proteins

• high to low

• passive

Isotonic Solution

Equal solutes on both sides

What is the result of Anaerobic metabolism

yields 2 ATP

Define Gene

a segment on DNA that codes for a protein

Define Genome

entire sequence for all DNA in species

3 Parts of DNA Structure

1. Sugar

2. Phosphate

3. Nitrogenous base (nucleotides)

DNA Nucleotides

A, T, C, G

RNA Nucleotides

A, U, C, G

What connects the Nitrogenous Bases

hydrogen bonds

2 Functions of DNA

1. Pass instructions to new cells

2. Instructions for making proteins

How long is DNA in a human cell

10 ft

T/F: DNA contains the base U

F

T/F: RNA is single stranded

T

Proteins are sequences of ______ put together

Amino Acids

Transcription occurs where?

nucleus

Where does translation occur?

on ribosome in cytosol

What is transcription?

The assembly of mRNA complementary to DNA in nucleus

What is translation?

assembly of protein from mRNA code in ribosome with tRNA in cytosol

What is mRNA?

Carries DNA’s code for proteins from nucleus to ribosome

What is tRNA?

Transfer amino acids from cytosol to ribosomes

What are chromosomes?

long and thin structures, carries genes

Differentiation

specialization of cell type

Diploid

1. Cell containing as many chromosomes as parent cell

2. Two sets of chromosomes

Haploid

1. Cell containing half as many chromosomes as a parent cell

2. One set of chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes

two same sized chromosomes that code for the same general functions, 1 from each parent

What happens in Interphase G1?

Organelles replicate

What happens the S phase of Interphase?

Replication of DNA, sister chromatids form, centromere connects chromatids

Centromere

point of attachment for sister chromatids

What happens in Interphase G2?

DNA uncoiled, prepare for mitosis

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes coil, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles at pole

Centrioles

organelle that pulls sister chromatids apart with spindle fibers

What happens during Metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

What happens during Anaphase?

Sister chromatids pulled apart, number of chromosomes double

What happens in Telophase?

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil

What are the results of mitosis?

2 new identical daughter cells

Define Mitosis

asexual replication of a cell

Define Binary fission

prokaryotic cell division (asexual)

What are the 2 energy molecules important to life?

ATP and Glucose

Compare and Contrast ATP and Glucose

ATP - obtained via sun, large, hard to move

Glucose - energy of many ATP, small, easily moved

Sexual Reproduction

2 parents contribute ½ DNA to make new offspring

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction

species grow at twice the rate of sexual population

Advantage of Sexual Reproduction

generates more variation in offspring

Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids combined together by centromere

What type of cell does meiosis produce

gametes (sex cells)

Where does meiosis occur

sex organs

How many rounds of division does Meiosis have?

2

Prophase 1

• Homologous chromosomes pair up

• Crossing over occurs

Crossing Over

Process where arms on homologous chromosomes are switched

Define Allele

different versions of a gene or trait

Metaphase 1

• Homologous pairs line up in middle

• Centrioles appear

Anaphase 1

• Homologous Pairs Separate

• Sister chromatids stay together

Telophase 1

Nuclear membrane reforms

Cytokinesis 1

• Cells split

• 2 haploid cells

• NO DNA REPLICATION

Where are the majority of organelles after Meiosis 1

cytoplasm of egg

Sources of Variation in Sexual Reproduction

• Crossing over

• Fertilization

Survival Rate of Lung Cancer

15%