POLI3426 Outliers Exam 1

Intro, Balkans, African Island Nations, & Nordics

dependent variable in this class

development

Human Development Index (HDI)

indicator of economic development that is based on education, health, and income

Global Freedom Score (GFS)

indicator of political development that characterizes access to political rights and civil liberties

Problem with HDI

changes very infrequently because it’s based on long-term factors

two meanings of outlier

1. Statistically different from norm

2. Far away from main body

social capital

the collective value of social networks, shared norms, and mutual trust that enable citizens and leaders to cooperate for common political and civic goals

a key element of development

Blue Zone longevity hotspot

collection of 6 places in the world who are outliers in longevity

Power 9 Principle for social capital

1. Move Naturally

2. Downshift

3. Purpose

4. Wine at 5

5. Plant Slant

6. 80% Rule

7. Loved ones first

8. Belong

9. Right tribe

Test Acts of 1670s

English laws that barred Catholics and non-conformists from office; mocked in Gulliver’s travels by the Endians in Lilliput

ethnic groups that speak dialects of Serbo-Croatian

Serbs, Montenegrins, Bosnians, Croats

Bosnian Serbs

Bosnians who maintained Serb/Orthodox identity instead of Muslim

Tito, Josip Broz (years in power & his policy/ideology)

Slovenian-Croat political leader who created a communist Yugoslavia and set up ethnic federalism

held Yugoslavia together from 1943 until his death in 1980

year that Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia declare sovereignty from Yugoslavia

1991

Slobodan Milosevic (& years in power)

authoritarian Serbian leader of Yugoslavia from 1989 to 2000

ethnic federalism

a political system that divides a country into regional states based on the languages and identities of different ethnic groups

examples of ethnic federations

Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Ethiopia

Balkan Wars of 1990s

a series of brutal ethnic conflicts that led to the bloody Breakup of Yugoslavia

year that US gov and NATO attacks Serbs in Bosnia

1995

World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators

tracks governance using 6 dimensions:

1. Voice & Accountability

2. Political Stability & Absence of Violence

3. Government Effectiveness

4. Regulatory Quality

5. Rule of Law

6. Control of Corruption

wellbeing is generally ______ related to country’s size

inversely

“ad uno, septem”

of one, seven (breakup of Yugoslavia)

2 current disputes involving Croatia in Balkans

1. Bridge in Neum, Bosnia (pseudo-exclave in Croatia; Bosnia objects bridge)

2. Bay of Piran Maritime Dispute (Slovenia lacks access to waters; Croatia refuses to give them a corridor)

date Kosovo declares independence

Feb 17, 2008

question that Kosovo raises (relevance to Europe)

right to self-determination vs right of a state’s territorial integrity

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)

underground, nationalist ethnic Albanian separatist militia

Popular Movement for Kosova (LPK)

political movement of Albanian nationalists that created and supported the LPK

Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)

public political party led by Ibrahim Rugova that led a pacifist movement and parallel state for ethnic Albanians resisting Serbian rule in Kosovo

Adem Jashari

man who became a martyr for the Kosovar independence movement after he and his family held off Serb forces at their farmstead for 3 days before being killed

Richard Holbrooke

US diplomat who was very active in the Yugoslavia breakup, including attempted negotiations in Kosovo and the Dayton Accords

Date of Rambouillet Talks

Feb 6-23, 1999

Rambouillet Talks

proposed autonomous Kosovo as a part of Serbia with a NATO force and no KLA; both Serbia and Kosovar Albanians refused (later, Albanians agreed but Serbs said no)

Date that US & Western allies begin & end bombing in Serbia/Kosovo

March 24, 1999 - Jun 10, 1999 ; 78 days

ransacking of the US Consulate in Chengdu

Chinese retaliation in 1999 to the United States’ accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy of Yugoslavia

June 10th deal

Agreement that ended the war in Kosovo, forcing Serb forces to withdraw and replacing them with a NATO force and UN administration

UN Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal

a UN court to pursue justice for international laws during the Balkan Wars

Microvica, Kosovo

Serbian “island” in Kosovo that has a Serbian/Albanian side

autochthonous

ideal that advocates for self-rule for indigenous people; connected to Pan-Albanianism

pan-Albanianism

political/cultural movement that seeks to unite ethnic Albanians living across different Balkan countries

K-FOR

NATO-led peacekeeping mission established in 1999 to maintain peace and security in Kosovo

Iowa National Guard contributed to the mission

5 EU Members who don’t recognize Kosovo (and why)

1. Spain (Catalonia)

2. Romania (Transylvania)

3. Slovakia (Hungarian population)

4. Cyprus (North Cyprus)

5. Greece (North Cyprus)

1389 Battle of Kosovo (“Field of Blackbirds”)

war in which the Serbian army was wiped out by the invading Ottomans, but one heroic surviving Servian knight assassinated the Ottoman sultan

seen as war hero of Serbia

irredentism

movement where a state/group tries to “redeem their land” (territory belonging to another country) based on shared ethnic or national ties

in international meetings, which side does the host president vs visitor stand on?

host president: left

visitor: right

Bosnian War (years & description)

1992-1995 ethnic conflict that left 100,000 dead and 2 million displaced

Milorad Dodik

modern-day politician and Bosnian Serb nationalist who calls for the Republika Srpska to secede

October 2025 Trump’s actions related to Bosnia

Trump lifted sanctions on Milorad Dodik on request of Rod Blagojevich (former corrupt IL governor)

Dayton Accords

1995 agreement that ended the Bosnian war and developed a new system of governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina geared towards three ethnic groups, not one citizenry

aspects of Dayton Accords

3 Presidents

2 semi-autonomous entities

independent district

2 semi-autonomous entities in Bosnia & Herzegovina

1. Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina (“The Federation”)

2. Republika Srpska (“R.S.”)

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

a semi-autonomous entity in Bosnia that is made up of 10 cantons and serves primarily Bosniaks and Croats (Muslim and Catholic)

Republika Srpska

a semi-autonomous entity in Bosnia that primarily serves Serbs (Orthodox)

Office of High Representative

established by the Dayton Accords, a role in Bosnian government with the most power that is occupied by a foreigner and supervises the implementation of the Dayton Accords

2nd most corrupt political system in europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Article 3 of the Dayton Accords

part of the Dayton Accords that stipulated that Bosnia must have an election after nine months

Dragan Kovic

Bosnian Croat politician who in 2017 called for the creation of a third entity, with a Croat-majority

Srebenica Massacre (date & what it is)

July 1995 mass killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys (and the deportation, torture, and rape of 23,000 women) during the Bosnian War by Bosnian Serb and Serb forces in a UN-declared "safe area”

June 28, 1914 event

assassination of Austria-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbs who wanted Bosnia freed from Austria and combined with Serbia

done on the anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo

2 things to know about North Macedonia

1. 2001 Albanian Rebels

2. Alexander the Great

2001 insurgency in northeast Macedonia

armed conflict that began when Albanian rebels demanded greater autonomy for ethnic Albanians in Macedonia

What changes did Macedonia have to make so that Greece would let them join NATO?

Don’t claim Alexander the Great

Change name to “North Macedonia”

year of Cabo Verde’s independence

1975

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)

a major political party that led Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde country to joint independence from Portugal

African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)

political party put in power in a one-party system in Cape Verde following Cape Verde’s split from Guinea in 1980

1980 Cabo Verde Constitution

established the newly independent Cabo Verde as a one-party (PAICV) socialist regime

First and Second Development Programs (1982-1985, 1986-1990)

development plans in Cabo Verde that focused on:

1. survival / basic human needs (ie, food), and infrastructure

2. institutional growth and broader socialist economic development

1st democratic election in Cabo Verde (year & outcome)

1991: Movement for Democracy (MPD) wins this country’s first democratic election

Third and Fourth Development plans in Cabo Verde

development plans that focused on capitalist economic reform

problems faced by small island nations:

• isolation & insularity

• lack of natural resources

• vulnerability to economic shock

• diseconomies of scale

• less specialization (small domestic market & human capital)

Africa’s smallest economy (GDP)

São Tomé and Príncipe

privatization attempts in 1993-2003 in São Tomé and Príncipe

failed agrarian reform attempt to privatize cocoa plantations and increase exports

When did São Tomé and Príncipe become independent, and from who?

1975 independence from Portugal

When did Mauritius become independent, and from who?

1968 independence from British

2 similarities between Mauritius and Botswana

1. inter-ethnic coalition governments

2. very strong negotiator countries

Seewoosagur Ramgoolam

Hindu premier/leader of Mauritius from 1961-1982; under him, Mauritius’s economy saw significant growth and industrialization

upon independence, Mauritius was very reliant on which resource?

Sugar

(Which country was very reliant on this resource upon independence?)

Gaetan Duval

Creole politician and Mauritius’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tourism , and Emigration

import substitution industrialization (ISI)

strategy of industrialization that targets replacement of certain imports by local manufacturing (focus on domestic market)

was done in the 1960s in Mauritius due to high unemployment

export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

an economic policy and strategy of industrialization focused on producing exports for foreign markets

Mauritius’ export-processing zone (EPZ)

strategy enacted in Mauritius in 1970 that aimed to attract foreign investment by taxing sugar and creating incentives for export-driven manufacturing, especially in textiles

Ciel Group

Mauritian sugar baron turned textile giant, turned conglomerate

Mauritian Sugar Syndicate

a monopoly on Mauritius’ sugar exports that collected taxes, ensuring there was no way around taxes

why do people say Mauritius is “not really African”?

historically uninhabited island nation

how Mauritius could be like Switzerland/Singapore

if the Mauritian government had further expanded manufacturing beyond textiles, they could be more like these two countries

consequence of 1974 coup in Portugal

newly-empowered socialists gave freedom to all Portuguese colonies and handed power over to socialist/Marxist governments

includes Cabo Verde and Sao Tome

main parts of Cabo Verde’s economy (4)

• fish

• tourism

• remittance

• refined petroleum

President Francisco Macias Ngeuma

president of Equatorial Guinea from 1968-1979

Very unhinged (outlawed Christianity, glasses, fishing), violent, and feared by his population

President Teodoro Obiang Ngeuma

President of Equatorial Guinea from 1979-present who overthrew his father Macias and is the longest-serving president

island of Annabon

Equatorial Guinea island located south of São Tomé and Príncipe with a separatist independence movement

Rabbit’s Foot Exile Invasion (1988)

attempt by São Tomeans to overthrow the government in 1988; thought rabbit feet would make them invisible

Chagos Archipelago

group of islands that are part of British Indian Ocean Territory, host a military base on Diego Garcia, and should be (per a pending agreement with the UK) transferred to Mauritius

Agalega

Mauritian island with an Indian presence (plane runway and pier), should India need to counter China

When and from whom did Seychelles gain independence?

1976 independence from UK

Seychelles in the Cold War

Seychelles’ location is along key shipping routes so was alluring. Seychelles capitalized on non-alignment and received support from both sides

Kew’s Millenium Seed Bank (MSB)

located in Sussex, England, the world’s largest archive of wild plants

loneliness

the disconnect between expectations and reality of social connection

Malagasy

the largest ethnic group in Madagascar; indigenous descendants of East African, SE Asian, and Oceanic settlers

begrudgery in Madagascar

country where communities view one person's individual achievement as an offense

Mnemonic for Comoros

A- Amputation at Independence

M- Mercenary

I - Instability
S - Secession
C - Coelacanth

Comoros’ independence (year and amputation)

Became independent in 1975 from France

France kept the wealthy island of Mayotte

Bob Denard (& years of rule)

French-Basque mercenary in Comoros who ruled for 11 years (1978-1989)