Euro St 12 Final - UCI

Hobbes:

How does Hobbes define speech?

Names and their connexion

Hobbes:

What is the function of speech for Hobbes?

Recalling past thoughts

Communicating with others

Registering thoughts

Hobbes:

How does Hobbes use the bible as evidence for his conclusions?

He refers to the Bible but then extends what it says by making inferences.

Hobbes:

What are the uses of language according to Hobbes?

Convert thoughts into words

Create notes of remembrance

Create signs by which we can link our thoughts to others' thoughts

Link cause and effect

Advise and teach others

Help others

Gain pleasure by playing with words or creating beautiful constructions

Hobbes:

What are the abuses of language according to Hobbes?

To register thoughts incorrectly

To use words metaphorically to deceive others

To lie

To hurt others with words

Hobbes:

How does language create universals according to Hobbes?

By using common nouns to define a category of things based on a common quality

Hobbes:

How does language allow us to relate cause to effect?

By giving names to objects, we can link cause and effect in words to cause and effect in objects.

Summary of Argument:

What is the relationship between claim and reason?

The claim follows logically from the reason.

Summary of Argument:

What is the relationship between evidence and reason?

The evidence is something you can point to that demonstrates the reason.

Summary of Argument:

What is the function of the warrant?

The warrant links the evidence to the claim.

Summary of Argument:

How does the reason relate to both evidence and claim?

The reason is the common attribute that is shared by both the evidence and the claim.

Summary of Argument:

What is the relation of the warrant to the reason?

The warrant explains why the reason is a common attribute of both the evidence and the claim.

Summary of Argument:

What would happen to an argument if the warrant were to change?

The same evidence would point to a different claim.

Summary of Argument:

Which of the following is false?

-The warrant describes the methodology of an argument.

-The warrant indicates what type of evidence is relevant for the argument.

-The warrant describes how to interpret the evidence.

-The warrant does not have any relationships to the evidence

A: The warrant does not have any relationships to the evidence

Hobbes:

How does language make truth and falsehood possible?

Language links a subject to a predicate to make a proposition that can be tested.

Hobbes:

What is the primary function of language?

To define concepts

Hobbes:

What does Hobbes think of books as a means of gaining knowledge?

They are not as good for gaining knowledge as one's own reflections.

Hobbes:

How are the use and the abuse of language linked to each other?

Without language, we would not be able to make any propositions that could be true or false. But the possibility of making true propositions also creates the possibility of making false propositions.

Hobbes:

Why does Hobbes compare language to accounting?

Assigning a word to an object allows the object to be manipulated like a number in an account.

Hobbes:

What are the five different categories of names according to Hobbes?

Names of matter, names of qualities, names of fancies (or personal impressions), names of kinds of speech, negatives.

Hobbes:

What are some of the problems of language according to Hobbes?

-Inadequate definitions lead to lack of understanding

-Metaphors and figures of speech can also lead to confusion.

-Words can be interpreted in different ways by different people, leading to inconstancy of meaning and confusion.

-Contradictory expressions are absurd and cannot be understood.

^All of the above^

Warburton:

How did language originate according to theorists who judge from the nature of things rather than from revelation?

As a mutual agreement about arbitrary signs.

Warburton:

Why does Warburton think that God taught language to the first man?

Since God taught religion to the first man, he must have taught language as well.

Warburton:

How is Warburton's method of reading of the Bible different than that of Hobbes?

Hobbes makes inferences from what the Bible says, and Warburton does not read the Bible literally, but as a set of figures of speech.

Warburton:

What were the characteristics of early languages according to Warburton?

They used a mixture of words and actions.

Warburton:

Why are actions still used as signs in the Bible according to Warburton?

Actions as signs create very lively kinds of discourse.

Warburton:

What is the difference between actions and visions for Warburton?

Actions are used to instruct the people, and visions are used to instruct the prophets.

Warburton:

How does Warburton differ from Maimonides and Hobbes in his treatment of metaphor?

Warburton treats metaphors as legitimate, while Maimonides and Hobbes treat metaphors as falsities.

Warburton:

What makes metaphor legitimate according to Warburton?

Metaphors become natural and familiar through repeated use.

Warburton:

What is the relationship between action and picture according to Warburton?

Both a picture in writing and an action in speaking serve to make a point more clearly and convincingly.

Warburton:

What are the different warrants that Warburton employs to interpret the story of the Brambles?

In contrast to Collins, who reads everything literally, Warburton reads Bible passages metaphorically.

Warburton:

How is the movement from hieroglyphic to symbol similar to the movement from apologue to proverb?

In both cases, the specific case achieves a more general meaning through habitual use.

Warburton:

What is the relationship between proverb and simile and metaphor?

The repeated telling of a proverb makes it possible for simile and metaphor to be understood.

Warburton:

Why are actions and pictures at the beginning of the development of language according to Warburton?

Actions and pictures are the most immediate and least abstract types of signs.

Warburton:

How does Warburton explain the development of universals?

A particular image becomes general through habitual use.

Rousseau:

What argument by Warburton does Rousseau take up?

Speech through action is the most directly effective.

Rousseau:

What is the difference between images and words for Rousseau?

Images can have a more fearful effect, but words are better at stirring the passions.

Rousseau:

Does Rousseau claim that gestures are natural or conventional?

Rousseau claims that gestures are natural and consequently not acquired nor conventional.

Rousseau:

How is human language different from animal language according to Rousseau?

Human language is conventional while animal language is natural.

Rousseau:

What is the "power proper to man" for Rousseau and how does it affect his argument about the natural quality of gesture?

The "power proper to man" is a special language ability that allows humans to transform their bodily organs into tools for language.

Rousseau:

What evidence does Rousseau provide to demonstrate that language is not necessary to fulfill human needs?

One does not need words to find fruit or hunt prey.

Rousseau:

Does the first language originate through passions or needs according to Rousseau?

Passions

Rousseau:

Why does figurative language precede literal language according to Rousseau?

A new object is always experienced in a moment of passion, which creates a figurative meaning that then becomes literal with familiarity.

Rousseau:

How does Rousseau's theory of the origin of language compare with those of Hobbes and Warburton?

Like Warburton, Rousseau sees figurative language as the origin of language, but then Rousseau sees the further development of language to be based on correct definitions, like Hobbes.

Rousseau:

What makes articulation in language conventional?

Articulation is not natural, but requires attention and practice.

Rousseau:

What are some of the characteristics of the first language, according to Rousseau?

It is composed of images, feelings, and figures of speech.

Rousseau:

What kind of evidence does Rousseau use to justify his claims about the first language?

Examples of characteristics from different ancient and modern languages.

Rousseau:

What causes language to develop from feeling to reason?

The passage of time.

Rousseau:

What is the warrant for Rousseau's claim about the three stages of language?

We can compare the development of languages by looking at their writing.

Rousseau:

How are Chinese characters different from Egyptian hieroglyphics according to Rousseau?

Egyptian hieroglyphics represent objects, and Chinese characters represent words and sounds.

Rousseau:

How does Rousseau describe the difference between the third stage of language and the two earlier stages?

The third stage requires an analysis of speech rather than just a representation of it.

Rousseau:

How is writing linking to civilization for Rousseau?

The three forms of writing (hieroglyphic, conventional character, alphabet) correspond to three progressive stages of civilization: savage, barbarian, civilized.

Rousseau:

How is writing different from speaking according to Rousseau?

Writing makes language exact rather than expressive.

Rousseau:

How does Rousseau describe the disadvantage of the movement from speaking to writing?

Language becomes less lively.

Rousseau:

What is the problem when people remain isolated within their families according to Rousseau?

Remaining ignorant of things outside their families, they do not even understand themselves.

Rousseau:

What is the prerequisite for reflection according to Rousseau?

Comparison of different ideas

Rousseau:

How does love lead to language according to Rousseau?

The need for water led men and women from different families to meet at wells, where they invented language to express their love.

Rousseau:

Why did primitive people not need language according to Rousseau?

Reproduction was possible through inbreeding, and the fulfillment of needs was possible without language.

Rousseau:

When is incest stable for Rousseau?

When families are isolated from each other.

Rousseau:

When is incest destructive for Rousseau?

When families live together in society.

Rousseau:

Why do music and language have a common origin according to Rousseau?

Both music and language develop through the creation of articulations, which interrupt and differentiate the flow of sound.

Herder:

What are some of the unique contributions that Rousseau makes to the study of the origin of language?

-The first language was figurative, and the origin of language was a transposition.

-The origin of language was a transposition, and the origin of language is linked to the incest taboo.

A: Both of the above.

Herder:

What kind of language do humans share with animals according to Herder?

Language of feeling.

Herder:

Why do animals cry out, even when alone, according to Herder?

Cries create a relation to the world.

Herder:

How does Herder know that each animal has its own particular kind of language of cries?

We understand better the cries of those animals that are more similar to us.

Herder:

What does a cry of passion refer to according to Herder?

To the whole context.

Herder:

Why does Herder believe that human language did not have a divine origin?

Letters of language are an imperfect representation of sounds and thus unworthy of a divine creator.

Herder:

Why does Herder believe that human language did not originate in feelings?

Human language is volitional and therefore must have its origin in reason rather than feeling.

Herder:

How are humans different from animals in terms of their skills and sphere of activity according to Herder?

While all animals are naturally well suited to one specific sphere of activity, humans are not naturally well suited to any such sphere of activity.

Herder:

How are humans inferior to animals for Herder?

Humans do not have a natural ability for any particular activity.

Herder:

What is human freedom for Herder?

The ability to develop skills for a variety of contexts.

Herder:

Why does Herder believe that humans do not differ in degree but in kind from animals?

Instead of specific skills or instincts that animals have, humans have an alternative organization of abilities that replaces all instincts.

Herder:

Why is it that humans cannot have any instincts or especially keen senses?

Instincts or keen senses would pull humans toward particular activities and limit their freedom to choose a sphere of activity.

Herder:

How does Herder define reflection?

The ability to concentrate attention on a particular thing at will.

Herder:

What is necessary in order that humans can focus their attention?

A distinguishing mark

Herder:

How do animals focus their attention on particular objects such as a sheep?

Through instinct

Herder:

Why do humans need distinguishing marks in order to perceive objects such as a sheep?

They have no instincts and need a distinguishing mark to set priorities.

Herder:

Why is recollection important to the construction of a distinguishing mark?

A distinguishing mark needs to link a present experience of an object to a previous experience.

Herder:

Why are words important for humans, even if they were not used for communication?

-They are the markers that allow for reflection.

-They make recollection possible when there is an absence of instincts.

-They make it possible for humans to freely direct their attention.

A: All of the above

Overall Idea:

Warburton

-God intervenes in the world thru revelation in the prophets

-Bible is a metaphor

-Symbols = goes from specific to general

-Story of brambles

"Mouse, frog, bird, arrow"

Overall Idea:

Hobbes

-Common Names = Universals

-Used the Bible and inferred from there but did not change the meaning

-Belives that God thought Adam Language, not revelation

-Loves true definition

-Fugurative language is a lie

Overall Idea:

Rousseau

-Evidence- Hiegyhipcs, Chinese characters, and the alphabet

- *Story of the well: how language started

-Language went from figuratve to literal

-Passions ^well, they go to the well because they need water and people expircne no matter needs they have interest and you want to express yourself so that's the start of language

-Incest: You reproduce only for needs

Overall Idea:

Herder

-EXAMPLE: Sheep

-Babies are useless

-God did not give humans language bc language is not perfect

-Humans do no have instinct

-Animals born with sphere of activity

-Language came from reason rather than feeling

Who said it?

-Names and their connections form speech

-Common Names creates universals

-Defintions good ones

Hobbes

Who said it?

-Figurative Language precedes litteral language

-Passions

-Human language follows a convention

Rousseau

Who said it?

-Humans have no instincts

-The distinguishing mark

Herder

Who said it?

-Bible story of the brambles and trees shows that the bible can be read figuratively

-Mouse, a frog, a bird, a dart, and a plow

Warburton

What is necessary for reducing the multiplicity of impressions to a unity according to Peirce?

Conceptions

How does Peirce revise Herder's idea of the distinguishing mark?

Peirce's idea of conceptions indicates that the distinguishing mark has a structure.

Which conception is linked to the manifold of impressions according to Peirce?

Substance

IT in general

The present, in general

What form does a unity of impressions take according to Peirce?

The connection of a predicate with a subject.

Which conception is linked to the unity according to Peirce?

Being

How are universals formed according to Peirce?

Through both the copula and the linking of subject and predicate.

What type of evidence does Peirce use for his analysis?

Examples of how language creates meaning

What does precision (or prescinding) mean according to Peirce?

To pay attention to one thing while ignoring another thing.

Can space be prescinded from color? Why?

Yes, because one can pay attention to space while ignoring color.

Can color be prescinded from space? Why?

No, because color cannot be conceived while ignoring space

When do elementary conceptions arise according to Peirce?

When we experience something

What is the defining characteristic of an elementary conception for Peirce

It is an arbitrary addition to a unity.

With which conception does Peirce begin in determining the elementary conceptions that link the manifold to unity

Being