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What are the key vowel distinctions lost in Standard Scottish English (SSE) compared to General British (GB)?
The distinctions between /ɑ:/ and /a/, /u:/ and /ʊ/, and /ɔ:/ and /ɒ/.
How does SSE differ in vowel duration compared to GB?
SSE has no systemic durational difference between long and short vowels.
What phonemes do SSE speakers lack that are present in General American (GA)?
SSE has no /Iə/ or /ʊə/ because it is rhotic.
Which consonant is commonly realized as a tap /ɾ/ in Standard Scottish English?
The /t/ phoneme can be realized as a tap /ɾ/, though /ɹ/ is more common in post-vocalic positions.
How do short front vowels in Popular London/Broad London/Cockney differ from General British?
Short front vowels tend to be uniformly closer.
What happens to the short vowel /ʌ/ in Broad London speech?
The short vowel /ʌ/ moves forward to almost /a/.
In Estuary English, how does dark /ɫ/ change?
Dark /ɫ/ is replaced by /ʊ/.
What is one intonational characteristic of London that has spread into Estuary English?
The use of the ‘unknown’ tag interrogative with a falling tone.
What is a notable feature of Multicultural London English regarding vowels?
Monophthongisation of /eI/ and /əʊ/ to /e:/ and /o:/.
How is the /t/ phoneme realized in Estuary English?
The /t/ is glottalized pre-consonantally and increasingly word-finally.
