memory 4 - storage failures

What is the role of psychoanalysis in memory recovery? What issues are there in this?

Psychoanalysis helps patients recover memories of traumatic events that were lost, but raises issues such as the potential for false memories and whether it applies to all events.

What does hypnosis do and what are the issues associated with hypnosis in memory recall - kihlstrom 1997?

Hypnosis can lead to age regression for recalling lost details, but individuals are suggestible, which may affect the accuracy of the information retrieved.

What did Penfield's 1940s brain stimulation studies reveal about memory? What were the issues with this - loftus and loftus 1980?

Direct stimulation of the temporal lobes in epileptics led to spontaneous event reporting, but only 12 reported past experiences, suggesting these may resemble dreams rather than actual memories.

What are the mechanisms for forgetting in memory?

Forgetting can occur due to failure to encode, storage issues e.g. decay, interference, repression, and retrieval failure.

What is the Brown/Peterson paradigm used to study?

It is used to study short-term memory decay by having participants recall a trigram after a distraction task (counting down in 3s), assessing the impact of delay on performance.

What did Keppel and Underwood (1962) find regarding forgetting?

They found that forgetting in the Brown-Peterson paradigm was partly due to proactive interference rather than decay.

what else supports that brown-peterson forgetting is due to proactive interference?

PI phenomenon (wickens 1970)

What is proactive interference?

Proactive interference occurs when old learning interferes with the recall of new material.

What is retroactive interference?

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with the recall of old material.

What was the outcome of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study on misinformation?

Participants who heard the word 'smashed' reported higher speeds and were more likely to claim they saw broken glass (32%) compared to those who heard 'hit' (14%), demonstrating the misleading information effect and that memory trace can be altered by info after it.

What did Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) discover about if original memories are destroyed after alterations? Procedure, findings etc

195 students, 30 slides of car accident with either stop or give way sign. found 75% performance but 51% for misleading, effect increased with 2 day delay compared to 20 min. was reduced by forewarning but unaffected by incentives. found misinfo didnt happen to all showing info maybe never recorded and not destruction.

What did McCloskey and Zaragoza (1985) demonstrate regarding memory encoding? (1st and 2nd study, findings and procedure)

in the first study the misled got 37% right but control was 72%. when redone, added had event (hammer) and misinfo (screwdriver) but asked if saw the wrench (not an option). Performance was same for all showing interference not trace destruction meaning memory may be permanent.

What is the significance of Nelson's (1978) study on forgotten memories?

Did paired associate learning, 4 week delay. Forgot info with cued recall but it was easier to relearn old (50%) than new (20%). Nelson's study indicated that forgotten memories can still influence behavior and that many memories may be stored forever, even if not readily accessible.

What could patient S do? What were their issues?

could remember unlimited numbers etc and relied on method of loci etc to imagine things to remember them. But had poor face memory and Vygotsky showed they could recall but not aware of what they were recalling until pointed out.

What is the paradox of the expert in memory?

The paradox of the expert refers to why experts can learn new information faster and better than novices, despite having more information stored.

What is the difference between retrograde traumatic amnesia and psychogenic amnesia?

no permanent memory loss - showing memory failure doesnt lead to trace destruction.

What does normal forgetting indicate about memory storage?

Normal forgetting may not indicate complete storage loss but rather a progressive loss of availability for individual memories due to interference.

What is the role of interference in memory retention?

Interference can hinder memory retention, as both proactive and retroactive interference can disrupt the recall of information.