Microbiology Exam 3

BIO205

What is the difference between infection and intoxication? Compare and contrast these terms and describe how you can tell them apart. (Hint: time period matters). Give examples of each

Why will S. aureus grow so well on ham or cream pie? Is competitive exclusion at play here? Why not?

If you are intoxicated with S. aureus, what is actually making you sick? (Hint: is it the microbe or the toxin? How do you know?)

Why doesn’t heating your food keep you safe?

What makes S. aureus different than most other microbes with regards to osmotic pressure?

Signs/symptoms of S. aureus intoxication? Treatment?

Define enteritis. What does it cause in the gut?

Is salmonella gram positive or negative? Is that different than S aureus? Remember the differences- do gram positive have endotoxins?

Why does it take much longer to get symptoms from salmonella food poisoning?

Signs/symptoms of infection with salmonella?

Where does salmonella replicate in your gut? Does it invade cells?

How does salmonella cause problems in your GI tract? What happens when your cells cannot take up water?

What is the treatment for salmonellosis?

Where is salmonella normally found? (Hint: don’t touch the cute turtles)

How is typhoid fever different from salmonellosis? What do these diseases have in common?

Is typhoid fever common in the US? How do you treat it? Prevent it? What’s fecal-oral transmission?

What is the difference between chlamydia and gonorrhea? How do their life cycles differ? Which is easier to treat? Which one is more likely asymptomatic in both males and females?

What microbe causes gonorrhea? What is its shape? What are the virulence factors? How does this make us sick? Where do these cells live and replicate inside us? Why is this deemed an Intracellular pathogen?

How does gonorrhea evade our immune system? What is antigenic variability? What are proteases? How do they prevent the immune system from working?

Who is more likely to be infected when exposed to gonorrhea, men or women? Why? What are the signs and symptoms in men and women? If women are left untreated, what can happen?

How can gonorrhea affect newborns? What do we do to prevent this?

What are the treatment challenges we face with gonorrhea? Is antibiotic resistance common in gonorrhea? Why? Do our bodies develop effective antibodies to this pathogen?

Describe chlamydia’s life cycle (talk about elementary and reticulate bodies). Which ones are infectious? Which ones replicate? Which form of the pathogen is released from the cell to infect new cells?

Signs and symptoms of chlamydial infections?

What is PID? Why is it scary?

Diagnosis and treatment for the chlamydia infection?

Why is it important to abstain from sexual activity while being treated for an STI?

How do fungi reproduce? Sexually, asexually, or both? Through the use of what? What are hyphae? What is the aggregate called? What is a mycotoxin? What produces them?

Define mycology, hyphae, mycelium, mycotoxin, mycoses

How do fungal spores get into someone’s body? What does this cause in some people

Is a fungus a prokaryote or eukaryote? What are the characteristics of a eukaryote? Are fungi multicellular or unicellular or can be both

What is the difference between mold and yeast? Are both fungi

Explain temperature dimorphism. Why is this an important factor

What pH does fungi grow best at? Why are fungal infections difficult to treat

What are the two mycotoxins we talked about? How do each of them work? Which one causes cancer

What are the differences in the cell wall of fungi? Do they have peptidoglycan? (hint, NO, why not?)

What’s a dermatophyte

What is ringworm? How can this be treated/prevented

What problems can Candida albicans cause? How is it treated? Why can antibiotics lead to an infection with Candida albicans? Who most needs to worry about C. albicans

What are some antifungal therapies? How do they work? What do they target? What is ergosterol? What do our cells have instead? What happens if we block ergosterol production? What about if pores form in the fungal plasma membrane? Which would have a faster impact on the fungus

What are protozoa? (HINT: they are not prokaryotes)

Are all protozoa parasites? Are all pathogenic?

What is the difference between a definitive host and an intermediate host? Give examples of each. What is the ONE factor that distinguishes the two hosts

Why do parasites tend to become LESS virulent

Define cyst and trophozoite. What is the difference? At what point do we find each form? Which form would be found in the environment? What form is found in the body when it is metabolically active

Define excystment and encystment. When and why are these operations performed

What parasite causes giardia? What is the virulence factor of this parasite? Where do we acquire the parasite? Where does it thrive in our body? How does this make us sick

Draw out the life cycle of Giardia intestinalis. Be able to explain each step and what form the parasite is in at that step. What are the signs and symptoms of the disease

What disease does toxoplasma gondii cause? How prevalent is this infection? Is it something we should be worried about

What is the definitive host of this parasite? How does infection happen? Why does this parasite change mouse behavior? What happens if a human gets infected with the parasite? Where are oocysts present? What about trophozoites? Bradyzoites

Other than exposure to cat feces, how can a human acquire toxoplasmosis

How do these symptoms change if the woman is pregnant? Why is this a concern? What are the signs and symptoms of a fetus being infected

What are the signs and symptoms of an immunocompromised patient being infected

How do we test for toxoplasmosis? How do we treat it

Where does toxoplasmosis form cysts in people or cows

Can toxoplasmosis be treated? Could a drug like penicillin be used? Why or why not? If not, how can diseases like this be treated

What organism causes malaria? Is this a prokaryote or a eukaryote

What is the deadliest plasmodium species known

Why is P. vivax an important pathogen for global public health

How do mosquitos come into play with this disease? What can we classify mosquitos as? (hint, are they a vehicle or a vector?) Are they a definitive or intermediate host? What does the term Anopheles mean

What does obligate intracellular parasite mean

For transmission to occur, what has to happen in the mosquito? How do environmental factors come into play with malaria

What is the definitive host for malaria? This is where the gametocytes perform sexual reproduction. Where did the gametocytes come from? When they reproduce, what is made? Then what has to happen for a person to get infected

Where is the infectious form of the parasite located after the maturation time? Why is it important that the protozoa are here

Humans are what kind of host for malaria

Why do we only need to worry about the female mosquitos? What happens when the mosquito bites the person

After the person is infected, what does the protozoa do? Draw out the whole cycle. Where does the protozoa go to perform its next phase of development

Where do the protozoa go after they replicate in your liver

Where do the clinical symptoms of malaria come from? The parasite infects and destroy what in your body

New merozoites that come from a lysed RBC do what? Why are the gametocytes circulating in the blood important

What are the signs and symptoms of the lysis of RBC

What is the characteristic timeline of the signs and symptoms? Why do people have fever and chills every 2-3 days

Why do people with chronic malaria infections have anemia

What is different about falciparum that causes much more death? What is a complication of this? (Hint: tissue death in brain)

How do people with the sickle cell trait have protection from malaria? What’s the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia? Genetically, what causes each

How do you know if someone has malaria

Is there a vaccine against malaria? Do we have effective treatments? Why is treatment of malaria complicated? What does chemoprophylaxis mean

Which of the following can result from fecal-oral transmission

What is the major challenge of treating a fungal infection versus a bacterial infection?

What is the role of a cat in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to humans

Which form of Giardia intestinalis multiplies in the gut of its human host

True or False: Malaria can never become endemic in the United States due to absence of Anopheles mosquitos

Ensuring people have access to clean drinking water can prevent

How do people acquire sickle cell trait, which provides protection from malaria

How does the reproduction of fungi differ from bacteria

A baby is born with severe neurological damage, including vision loss and an enlarged head. Which of the following pathogens could have caused this disease

Why is the mycotoxin aflatoxin dangerous to humans

A patient with candidiasis is prescribed the antibiotic penicillin. Predict the effect of this treatment

How can you protect yourself from malaria when you travel to places where malaria is endemic

Plasmodium parasites complete all of the following inside a human host EXCEPT for the

Which of the following are found inside a human infected by Plasmodium falciparum?

Effective chemotherapies are available to treat which of the following diseases?

If you eat undercooked pork, you are at risk of coming down with which of the following diseases

Apply: If a patient comes to your clinic with chlamydia, what medical advice would you give them

Recall: What is the effect of the antigenic variability of N. gonorrhoeae

Understand: All of the following are steps of the chlamydia life cycle EXCEPT for

Which of the following result from fecal-oral transmission?

Salmonellosis results when:

Ensuring people have access to clean drinking water can prevent

What evidence would suggest that someone has a food-borne illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus?