PSY 342 Exam 2 (copy)

Midwife

A person qualified to deliver babies and to care for women before, during, and after childbirth

OBGYN

Stands for obstetrics and gynecology

Epidural

A form of anesthesia that is usually given to relieve pain during child labor, it works by blocking the signal transmission of nerves near the spine. If done incorrectly, there can be headaches or other pain in the body.

Induced Labor/Induction

Very high dose of oxytocin that triggers the onset of labor

Cesarean Delivery ("C-section")

Surgical delivery.

Breech

when baby is positioned feet first instead of head first; C-section is often recommended if you can't turn the baby

NSVD

Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery

V-BAC

Vaginal birth after cesarean

Obstetricians

Doctors for labor and delivery

Doula

Trained professionals who provide physical and emotional support during birth

Episiotomy

is a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during

Transition/Hard Labor

The muscles the body uses to contract are transitioning from dilating the cervix to pushing the baby down and out. It is also the shortest phase of labor.

Birth Centers

Offer a more relaxed and intimate environment than hospitals for labor.

Placenta

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

Tokophobia

fear of pregnancy & birth

Phobia

extreme/irrational fear

Medicalization of childbirth

refers to the increase in planned c sections, emergency c sections, birth induction/augmentation, pain management, etc

Nuclear family

2 parents and their children ("typical" family unit, doesn't include extended family)

ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision)

system used to classify and code diagnoses, symptoms and procedures for insurance processing

The Wijma Delivery Expectancy-Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ)

evaluate fear of childbirth with 33 self -report items using a six levels response scale

The Fear of Birth Scale

evaluate fear of childbirth with self report questions using range of "calm" to "worried" and from "no fear" to "strong fear"

Primary/Primiparae

person has never given birth before

Secondary/Multipara

person has given birth before

Abortion

the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus

Parental notification

one or both parents must be informed that their child (minor) is having an abortion

Parental consent laws

parent(s) have to be notified and give permission for their child to have an abortion

Volition

degree to which someone makes a decision voluntarily.

Judicial bypass

is when a young girl can't tell her parents about needing an abortion, she can go to a judge, but not all states have this. (Is a process in which an underage pregnant teen can ask a judge to grant them the right to an abortion without notifying their parents or legal guardians. Date back to a 1979 Supreme Court case, Bellotti v. Baird, in which the court declared Massachusetts' parental-involvement law unconstitutional.)

Margaret Sanger

Strong advocate for birth control pill. She argued against Comstock laws. Believed birth control was the key to women's liberation. Imperfect figure, eugenicist.

Comstock Laws

Statutes that criminalized the sale of contraceptive devices and the dissemination of birth control information. Also made talking about contraceptives a crime.

Gregory Pincus

Harvard scientist who put hormone theory to the test, demonstrated that progesterone stopped ovulation. Faced opposition from Harvard and those who viewed him as a "mad scientist".

John Rock

Catholic physician and infertility specialist from Harvard who agreed to hold clinical trials testing the pill on a group of 50 women. Wrote the book The Time Has Come. (One of the inventors of the birth control pill. Wrote the book, "The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle Over Birth Control." Believed that the Pill was a "natural" method of birth control.)

Katherine McCormick

Provided the money for Pincus to conduct his research. Felt that birth control was part of the liberation of women. She got a science degree from MIT.

Searle

First pharmaceutical company to market the birth control pill.

Enovid

Marketed as treatment for "menstrual disorders", but in reality it was the birth control pill.

Pill Side Effects

nausea, dizziness, vomiting, stomach pain, death, and stroke.

"MRS Degree"

Women often got engaged/married in college during this time period

Contraceptives

method/device to prevent pregnancy

Vaginal hysterectomy

surgery to remove uterus and cervix

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

serves to protect publish health by regulating the approval of food, drugs, other products for consumer use

Sedentary

being inactive, little exercise, sitting too much. Is a substantial public health problem responsible for as much as a quarter million of deaths.

Cardiovascular training

training that enhances how the body transports oxygen in the body.

Resistance training

improves strength, increase in: muscle mass, bone density, and resting metabolic rate

Fitness

determined by how efficient they are at consuming oxygen, max oxygen consumption.

VO2

volume of oxygen consumed.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

the amount of calories the body burns when resting, depends on the amount of lean muscle mass one has.

Body composition

percentages of muscle, fat, and bone in the human body.

Osteoporosis

involves reduction in bone mass. At risk for more bone fractures. More common in women.

Power

ability to work hard for a relatively short period, burns calories quickly; ex. Rapidly going up 10 flights of stairs

Aerobic Power

ability to use oxygen efficiently

HIIT

an alteration between intense dose of power and then moderate pace. (high intensity interval training)

Work

activities that offer modest benefits, burn calories at a low rate; ex. walking

Toning and Spot Reducing

typical exercise programs offered to women but have no scientific basis

Abdominal Adiposity

excess fat/weight that develops around the center of the body; most dangerous for health; risk factor for developing heart diseases, certain cancers, and diabetes.

Bogalusa Heart Study

One of the longest ongoing studies in Bogalusa Louisiana that investigates the genesis of CVD from childhood to adulthood.

Ideal cardiovascular health

The seven criteria for ideal cardiovascular health - optimal levels of cholesterol, normal blood pressure, no diabetes, lean body mass index, non smoker, physical activity, healthy diet.

NIH study on weight loss

Examined the mechanism in people who gain weight while obese, by adding 1000 calories to their regular diet for 6-8 weeks.

Prediabetic

a serious health condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose).

Emotional Distress

a common affective reaction to stressors experienced during pregnancy or around the time of childbirth

Prenatal emotional distress

risk factor for adverse birth outcomes

Postpartum blues

mild depressive symptoms after childbirth; usually resolves within 10 days

Postpartum depression

clinically-diagnosable depressive episode after childbirth

Fetal monitor

continuously records the heartbeat of the fetus and the contractions of the woman's uterus during labor.

Stillbirth

the death of an expected child at 20 weeks or more.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

the death of a seemingly healthy baby in its sleep, due to an apparent spontaneous cessation of breathing.

Ultrasound

is a prenatal test that uses sound waves to show a picture of the baby in the uterus (womb). Ultrasound helps your health care provider check on the baby's health and development.

Umbilical cord

a flexible cordlike structure containing blood vessels and attaching a fetus to the placenta during pregnancy.

Maternal stress

an important risk factor for adverse birth outcomes.

Allostatic load

the accumulation of stress over a lifetime. It results in poorer physiological adaptation, culminating in health problems.

Gendered racism

the unique form of discrimination that is experienced because of Black women's intersecting gender and race identities.

Stereotype threat

the worry that one will confirm a negative societal stereotype about one's group or be treated according to that stereotype.

Fear of childbirth

Tokophobia is a pathological fear of birth

Cultural comparison

A Comparison of two or more different cultural factors to assess the psychological, sociological, or cultural similarities or diversities in various cultures or societies.

Childbirth preferences

Outlines your preferences for things during and after childbirth such as pain management and breastfeeding.

Epidural analgesia

is a method of medication administration in which a medicine is injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord.

W-DEQ

evaluates fear of childbirth through the expectations of women in relation to childbirth and their experience during the birth.

Confirmatory factor analysis

used to test whether measures of a construct are consistent with a researcher's understanding of the nature of that construct.

Pandemic-related pregnancy stress

focuses on two main concerns related to being pregnant during the pandemic: preparedness concerns and perinatal infection concerns.

Preparedness stress

feeling unprepared for the birth and postpartum period because of pandemic-related restrictions.

Perinatal infection concerns

relates to concerns about COVID-19 infection for mother and fetus/newborn

Place of birth

evidence suggests that women with high levels of fear are more likely to choose a hospital birth.

Patient preparation

includes education, counseling, and informed consent

Clinical assessment

includes confirming intrauterine pregnancy, determining gestation, taking a relevant medical history, and physical examination.

NSAIDs

drugs that are recommended to reduce the discomfort of pain and cramping during a medication abortion.

Jane's Due Process

an organization that helps minors navigate judicial bypass.

High-risk pregnancy

where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies.

Cisgender

one's gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth

Data on people who get abortions

extensive

\~25% of women in the US will have an abortion

\~60% in their 20s

\~75% low income

\~62% religious

>50% already parents

Data on cismen who co-conceived/benefit from abortion

very limited research and data

\-men may not know they helped cause an abortion

\-men may under report due to stigma

Abortion beneficiaries

people who benefit from abortion (not just women)

Dr. Jennifer Reich

sociology professor who conducted research on men involved in abortions

Dr. Brian T. Nguyen

OBGYN professor who established the EMERGE lab to study the role of men in reproductive care

Progesterone

One of a class of hormones known as progestin. Prepares the uterus for implantation and stops the ovaries from releasing new eggs.

Rhythm method

Limiting sex to the safe period that progestin creates.

GnRHAs

A class of drugs that disrupts the signals that the pituitary gland sends when it is attempting to order the manufacture of sex hormones. When given to women of childbearing age, it stops their ovaries from producing estrogen and progestin.

Humanae Vitae

encyclical in which the Pope broke his silence and declared that all "artificial" methods of contraception would be against the teachings of the Church

Reproductive rights

includes right to knowledge about the reproductive system

Abstinence-only sex education

teaching, in schools, that the best way to prevent things like pregnancy is to refrain from having sex; proved counterproductive