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Declaration of Independence
A document modeled after the political philosophies of John Locke. It altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Self-Strengthening Movement
A late nineteenth-century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged western investment in factories and railways.
Romanticism
A literary and artistic movement in nineteenth-century Europe; emphasized emotion over reason.
Queu
A long ponytail that Chinese men were forced to wear in order to distinguish them from Manchus.
Domestic System
A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting.
Maoris
A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 C.E.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female
A statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Communism
An economic system in which the state controls the means of production.
Liberalism
An Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government.
Guano
Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century.
Suez Canal
Canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869.
Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code)
Collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Spanish-American War
Conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power.
Spanish Civil War
A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco’s forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces (1898).
Economic Imperialism
Control of a country’s economy by the businesses of another nation.
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe.
Spheres of Influence
Divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges.
Jacobins
Extreme radicals during the French Revolution.
Theory of Relativity
Idea, which argued that time and space are relative to one another.
Theory of Natural Selection
Idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that species survive due to favorable characteristics.
Bourgeoisie
In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners.
Proletarian
In Marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society.
Conservatism
In nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches.
Factors of Production
Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship, which existed in Britain which allowed it to lead in the Industrial Revolution.
Zaibatsu
Large industrial organization created in Japan during the industrialization of the late nineteenth century.
Conscription
Military draft.
Tanzimet Reforms
Nineteenth century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient.
Monroe Doctrine
Policy issued by the United States in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers.
Indian National Congress
Political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement.
Congress of Vienna
Restored legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe and to create a balance of power.
Boxer Rebellion
Revolt against foreign residents of China.
Sepoy Rebellion
Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths (1857).
Natural Rights
Rights that belong to every person and that no government may take away.
Great Trek
Slave holding Boers, who in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa.
Young Turks
Society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and reform the empire.
Boers
South Africans of Dutch descent.
Sepoys
South Asian soldiers who served in the British army in India.
Revolution of 1905
Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia’s loss to Japan in 1905.
Entrepreneurship
The ability to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production.
Social Darwinism
The application of Darwin’s philosophy of natural selection to human society.
Separation of Powers
The division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.
Estates
The divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France.
Imperialism
The establishment of colonial empires.
Enclosure Movement
The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States.
Qing Dynasty
The Manchurian invaders, who ruled China from 1644 to the early 1900s.
Berlin Conference
The meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them.
Capital
The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization.
Feminism
The movement to achieve women’s rights.
Reign of Terror
The period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution.
Manifest Destiny
The policy in the U.S. that led to its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Meiji Restoration
The restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Extraterritoriality
The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country.
Duma
The Russian parliament.
Raj
The Sanskrit name for the British government in India.
Gran Columbia
The temporary union of the northern portion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar.
Estates-General
The traditional legislative body of France.
Industrial Revolution
The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting.
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty ending the Opium Wars that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842).
Pogrom
Violence against Jews in tsarist Russia.
Opium War
War between Great Britain and China began with the Qing dynasty’s refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (1839-1842).
Sino-Japanese War
War between Japan and China, in 1895, over control over Korea.
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese Navy.
Boer War
War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory (1899-1902).
Radicalism
Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes.
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