Biochem (ppt B)

Cells

Smallest living unit

Cells

Most are microscopic

Female

has larger cell

Male

has smaller cell

Robert Hooke

discovered cells in mid-1600s

Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden

stated “all living things are made of cells” in 1839

Rudolf Virchow

stated “all cells come from cells” 50 years later

Cells

Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell

spontaneous generation

“living things come from non-living cells”

Virus

smallest bacteria

Protoplasm

cell contents in thick fluid

Organelles

structures for cell function

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

cell types

Prokaryotic Cells

First cell type on earth

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

Archaea

oldest prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells

No membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryotic Cells

Organelles not bound by membranes

Prokaryotic Cells

has nucleotide

Nucleoid

does not contain nucleus; region of DNA concentration

Eukaryotic Cells

_____ ang cells ng tao

Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus bound by membrane

Eukaryotic Cells

Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Possess many organelles

Organelles

smallest organ; may sariling DNA

Organelles

Cellular machinery

Organelles

has two general kinds: Derived from membranes and Bacteria-like organelles

Bacteria-Like Organelles

Derived from symbiotic bacteria

Bacteria-Like Organelles

Ancient association

Endosymbiotic theory

Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria

Plasma Membrane

Contains cell contents

Plasma Membrane

Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Hydrophilic

water loving

“philic”

means loving

Phospholipids

\-interacts with water

Polar

can be dissolved in water

Polar

can be Hydrophylic head or Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophobic

water fearing

molecules that can move freely:

\- Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

Carrier proteins

transports molecules

Proteins

embedded in lipid bilayer

Fluid mosaic model

describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins

Water-soluble substances and Ions

cannot enter the plasma membrane

Water-soluble substances and Ions

kelangan ng presence ng phagocytosis para makapasok ng plasma membrane

Membrane Proteins:

Channels or transporters, Receptors, Glycoproteins, Enzymes,

Channels or transporters

\- Move molecules in one direction

Receptors

id ng cells

Receptors

\- Recognize certain chemicals

Glycoproteins

\- Identify cell type

Enzymes

\- Catalyze production of substances

Cholesterol

helps in managing the entrance of the water

Cell Wall

Found in plants, fungi, & many protists ONLY

Cell Wall

Surrounds plasma membrane

Cell Wall

kaya di nakakadigest ng plant based foods ang mga tao kasi walang ______ ang mga tao

cell wall ng PLANTS

mostly cellulose

cell walls ng FUNGI

contain chitin

Cytoplasm

Viscous fluid __containing organelles__

Cytoplasm

collective term; may filaments and etc

components of cytoplasm

Interconnected filaments & fibers

Fluid = cytosol

Organelles (not nucleus)

storage substances

Cytoskeleton

contains filaments and fingers

Cytoskeleton

made up of 3 fiber types: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

Microfilaments

serves as mechanical support

Microtubules

extension ng flagellum; nageextend

Microtubules

anchors organelles

Intermediate filaments

help move substances

Cilia & Flagella

Provide motility

Cilia & Flagella

Basal bodies like centrioles

Cilia

hairlike (short); isa lang

Cilia

Used to move substances outside human cells

Flagella

Whip-like extensions

Flagella

Found on sperm cells

sperm cell

In humans, the only flagellated cell is the ________

Cilia & Flagella

Bundles of microtubules

Cilia & Flagella

With plasma membrane

Spindle Fibers

galing sa centrioles

Centrioles

Pairs of microtubular structures

Centrioles

Plays a role in cell division

Membranous Organelles

Functional components within cytoplasm

Membranous Organelles

Bound by membranes

Nucleus

Control center of cell; double membrane

Nucleus

contains chromosomes and nucleolus

Nuclear Envelope

Separates nucleus from rest of cell; double membrane

Nuclear Envelope

has pores

DNA

Hereditary material

DNA

contains chromosomes and chromatin

Chromosomes

contains DNA, Proteins, and form for cell division

Chromatin

holds the chromosome in the middle

Nucleolus

Most cells have 2 or more ______

Nucleolus

Directs synthesis of RNA

Nucleolus

Forms ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Helps move substances within cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of interconnected membranes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No attached ribosomes; nandine ang carbohydrates; Has enzymes that help build molecules (carbohydrates and lipids)

Golgi Apparatus

Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall

Golgi Apparatus

Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes

Lysosomes

Aids in cell renewal, Breaks down old cell parts, Digests invaders(bacteria, virus)

Vacuoles

Membrane bound storage sacs; More common in plants than animals

Vacuoles

contents: water, food, wastes

Lysozyme

enzymes sa lysosomes