CEP 240 Midterm MSU

Michigan State University - Bailey Miller. Study Guide.

Education For All Handicapped Children Act

Federal Law that mandated that all U.S. public schools provide a free and appropriate education to all children with disabilities. Public schools required to evaluate needs, involve parents and provide the least restrictive environment. (1975) Later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Functional Academics

Focuses on applying academic content to functional, everyday tasks. Using real life scenarios to practice the life skills learned.

Due Process

Principle of fair and just treatment, ensuring students' rights are protected during disciplinary actions or when disputing special education decisions

Disability

An inability or incapacity to perform a task or activity in a specific or expected way.

Exceptional Children 

Children who deviate from the norm in their physical, intellectual, or emotional abilities and need special education services to succeed in school.

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Law that Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that mandated annual testing for all students in certain grades to demonstrate adequate yearly progress, as well making schools publish their test scores publicly every year. (2001)

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Replacement for NCLB that gives states more flexibility to create their own accountability systems while still focusing on high standards for all students. Still requires transparency through public report cards. (2015)

Section 504

Anti-discrimination law that broadens eligibility, providing students with disabilities equal access to education through accommodations, and states that no individual can be excluded from any part of school. (Rehabilitation Act 1973)

Rehabilitation Act

Federal law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities by protecting against discrimination.  Specifically addresses discrimination in federal employment. (1973)

Americans with Disabilities Act

Civil rights act designed to eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities by expanding protections to cover all areas of public life including jobs, schools and transportation. (1990)

Learning Disability

A disability in which there is a discrepancy between a person’s ability and academic achievement; individual possesses average intelligence.

Mnemonic Strategies

A cognitive approach used to assist pupils in remembering material; the use of rhymes, pictures, acronyms, and similar aids to help in recall.

Phonological Awareness

Possible explanation for reading problems; difficulty in recognizing the connection between sounds and letters that make up words.

Learned Helplessness

A lack of persistence at tasks that can be mastered; a tendency to expect failure.

Curriculum-Based Measurement

A formative assessment procedure for monitoring student progress in core academic subjects that reflect the local school curriculum.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

A disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Frequently observed in individuals with learning disabilities.

Metacognition

The ability to evaluate and monitor one’s own performance.

FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education)

Law that guarantees that all students, regardless of ability, will receive a free and appropriate public education. Apart of EHCA (1975)

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

Concept that instruction, and evaluation procedures should be designed to meet the needs of all students by providing access to learning and infromation.

Non-Biased Assessment

Fair evaluation that is free from all forms of bias, ensuring that a student's unique background does not unfairly influence the results.

LRE Law

Legal requirement that mandates students with disabilities be educated with their non-disabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate.

Multi-Disciplinary Team

Professionals and the student's parents who work together to evaluate a child for special education services and create an IEP

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

Legal document for students with disabilities that outlines their educational needs, goals, and services to support their academic and functional performance. Created by educators, parents and in some cases the student.

Family Systems Model

A model that considers a family as an interrelated social system with unique characteristics and needs

Respite Care

Temporary or occasional care of an individual with disabilities by a non-family member. 

80%

Percent of American teachers that are white and female.

15%

Percent of public school students who received special education services.

The Least restrictive environment for a student

General Education Classroom

The Most Restrictive Environment for a student

Residential placement at home or in a facility.

Related Services

Developmental or corrective supportive services that are necessary for a child with a disability to benefit from special education. Providers include Therapists and Speech-Language Pathologists.

Pre-referral team

Staff who give teachers strategies that help students struggling in the Gen Ed classroom before a formal referral is made. Prevents premature referral to special education.

Low-Tech Device 

Simple, non-electronic tool that helps students with disabilities improve their capabilities and learning. i.e. Pencil Grip

High-Tech Device

Advanced, electronic tool that helps students with disabilities improve their capabilities and learning. i.e. iPad

Self Determination and Advocacy

Students ability to make their own choices and speak on their own behalf to achieve their goals.

Functional Curriculum

Educational strategy that teaches practical life skills that are useful in a student’s home, community, and work environments, rather than abstract concepts. Teaching includes sight words, basic math, writing a letter and speaking skills.

Community Based Instruction

Evidence-based educational strategy that teaches functional life skills to students in real-world community settings, rather than exclusively in the classroom.

Scaffolding

Teaching strategy where educators provide temporary support to help students learn a concept, then gradually removing support as the student becomes more independent.

One Teach, One Support

1 teacher instructs while 1 teacher circulates and assists.

Parallel Teaching

Split class, each half is instructed by one teacher.

Alternative Teaching

1 teachers majority of class, 1 helps students who are struggling.

Station Teaching

Students rotate between 2 stations with teachers.

Handicap

Often due to environmental barriers like inaccessible buildings or transportation. Impact of a disability, not the condition.

Special Education

Customized instructional program designed to meet the unique needs of a student.

Brown VS the Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)

Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for black and white students violated the 14th amendment and were unconstitutional. (1954)

Required for a referral process

Parental consent.

Norm-referenced assessment

A standardized test on which a student’s performance is compared to that of his or her peers.

Immersion Program

English language is the main language of instruction; Student’s culture and 1st language and are not incorporated. A “sink or swim” philosophy.

Portfolio Assessment

Evaluating an students growth over time by collecting a range of their work, such as projects, assignments, and reflections.

Ethnocentrism

Assuming the behaviors and beliefs of own cultural group is the only correct way to do something. Supports assimilation.

Bilingual Education

Instructional approach where students are taught academic content in two languages (typically their native language and a second language) to develop proficiency in both.

Bilingual Special Education

Specialized program for students who are English Language Learners (ELLs) and also have a disability

Overrepresentation

Disproportionately high percent of a particular student group are identified for special education services compared to their population in the school population.

Stage Theory

A hypothesized pattern of a family’s reaction to the news that their child has a disability

Culturally sensitivity

Understanding and incorporating students' cultural backgrounds and perspectives into the classroom, as well as interactions with the student and their family. Celebrating diversity and rejecting assimilation.

Active Listening

Professionals who are attentive to family members’ feelings as well as the verbal message being communicating.

When a couple has a child with a disability:

There is no difference in divorce rate between families with and without children with disabilities.

Beneficial effect of family involvement in school.

Improved academic performance, behavior, attendance, and development.

Family Functions 

Interrelated activities found within a family systems model. Includes affection, economics and socialization. 

Assistive technology 

Any tool or device used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability

App evaluation rubric

Scoring guide that uses criteria and performance standards to assess an app's quality.

Educational Technology

Tech used to facilitating learning and improve performance in the classroom.

The 1997 Reauthorization of IDEA

Mandated that IEP teams must consider the need for assistive technology for students with disabilities when developing an IEP plan. (1990s)

Assistive Technology Specialist

Professional that helps people with disabilities find, implement, and use technology to improve their quality of life.

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

Method of communication that uses symbols, aids and techniques as a replacement for oral language.

Stigmitization

Negative attitudes, labels, and discrimination directed toward students receiving special ed services.

Absentmindedness

Inattentive or forgetful behavior that can result from distractions, vagueness, blankness or zoning out.

Adaptive Behavior

Conceptual, social, and practical skills that all people learn in order to function in their daily lives.

IQ Test Flaws

Cultural bias, Underestimating non-cognitive skills, misidentification due to poor teaching, and "wait-to-fail" phenomenon

“Wait to Fail” Phenomenon

Students (particularly those with learning disabilities) are not identified or provided with intervention until they have already experienced significant academic failure

Prenatal Cause

Factors that can cause harm to a baby's development before birth. Includes chromosomal abnormalities, maternal infection, or alcohol/drug use.

Perinatal Cause

Factors that can cause harm to a baby's development during birth. Includes prolonged birth, asphyxia or birth trauma.

Postnatal Cause

Factors that can cause harm to a baby's development after birth. Includes head trauma, lead poisoning, child abuse or brain damage.

Etiology

The cause of a condition or disease.

6.1%

Percentage of disabled students that have an Intellectual disability.

Learned Helplessness

Students who feel like they have no control over their academic performance, expect failure and have no desire to try. “I will always fail, no matter what I do.”

Cooperative learning

Students work together in small groups to achieve a common goal. It can enhances self-esteem for children with a disability, and teaches non-disabled students to accept their classmates with disabilities. 

IQ test

Adaptive Behavior assessment

Two critical components in determining whether and individual has an intellectual disability.

Discrepancy between cognitive ability & academic achievement.

Severe difficulty in an academic areas.

Two critical components in determining whether and individual has a learning disability

Down Syndrome

Genetic condition where a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21, which alters development and causes physical, cognitive, and/or behavioral differences. 

Fragile X Syndrome

A chromosomal abnormality where an X chromosome is weak, leading to intellectual disabilities and physical anomalies. Most common form of inherited intellectual disabilities

Anoxia

Absence of oxygen during the birth process. Frequently resulting in brain damage.

Learning disabilities are NOT caused by

Low intelligence, poor motivation, or inadequate teaching

Intellectual disabilities are not caused by:

Inadequate parenting or lack of educational opportunity

Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)

A Broad framework that provides academic and social-emotional support to all students by aligning resources and using a tiered approach to intervention.

Tier 1 intervention, Universal instruction

Tier designed to meet the academic and behavioral needs of all students with high-quality, universal instruction. Needs are met by providing clear classroom routines, differentiated instruction and social-emotional learning.

Tier 2 intervention, Targeted

Tier designed to meet academic and behavioral needs of some students who have not met initial goals during first stage. Needs are met through targeted instruction, goal setting and self-regulation practice.

Tier 3 Intervention, Intensive Supports

Tier designed to meet the needs of a small percentage of students that have not responded to Tier 1 or 2 because of significant academic or behavioral challenges. Needs are met through one-on-one instruction, behavioral intervention plans or external assistance from doctors or therapists.

Four categories for the etiology of learning disabilities

Neurological, Genetic, Environmental, and Emotional factors

Causes for incorrectly identifying a learning disability

Cultural bias, misinterpreting symptoms, or having learning difficulties due to poor teaching.

Causes for Incorrectly identifying an intellectual disability.

Similar presentation to other conditions, difficulties in assessment and  issues with the diagnosis process itself.

Metacognition

The ability to evaluate and monitor one’s own performance.

Direct instruction

Teacher-led instruction method that directly presents information, models skills, and provides guided practice. Method that helps break down complex topics into manageable sections.

Response to Intervention

Type of multi-tiered scaffolding in special education that uses universal screening, progress monitoring, and interventions to identify and support struggling students. 

Dyslexia

Learning disability that affects a persons ability to understand the relationship of letters and sounds, leading to difficulties in reading and spelling. 

Progress Monitoring

The frequent and systematic assessment of a pupil’s academic progress.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Federal law that ensures eligible children with disabilities have access to a free and appropriate public education tailored to their individual needs.